Bird pollination in the Neotropical region is by far known as an important interaction to ecosystem function, but perching birds visiting flowers are still very often observed as merely opportunist visitors. Although these other birds do not rely only on floral resources, there are many plant species that do depend solely on them for pollination. These flowers display some features, including morphology and different kinds of resources, quite different from the ornithophilous flowers pollinated by hummingbirds. We review the syndrome of ornithophily in the Neotropical region and tear it apart into the two exploitation methods to determine the floral features that might favor pollination by hovering birds or by perching birds. We listed the Neotropical perching bird species mentioned in the literature as pollinators to take a look at that avian richness. We expect that as more studies on forest canopies are taken in the Neotropics, more interactions between perching birds and flowers may be observed and reveal its real role in the biology of both groups.1416799Ackermann, M., Weigend, M., Nectar, Floral Morphology and Pollination Syndrome in Loasaceae subfam. Loasoideae (Cornales) (2006) Annals of Botany, 98, pp. 503-514Agostini, K., Sazima, M., Sazima, I., Bird pollination of explosive flowers while foraging for nectar and caterpillars (2006) Biotropica, 38 (3), pp. 674-678Aizen, M.A., Down-facing flowers, hummingbirds and rain (2003) Taxon, 52, pp. 675-680Aizen, M.A., Vázquez, D.P., Smith-Ramírez, C., Historia natural de los mutualismos planta-animal del Bosque Templado de Sudamérica Austral (2002) Revista Chilena De Historia Natural, 75, pp. 79-97Araujo, A.C., Sazima, M., The assemblage of flowers visited by hummingbirds in the "capões" of Southern Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil (2003) Flora, 198, pp. 427-435Araujo, A.C., Fischer, E.A., Sazima, M., Floração seqüencial e polinização de três espécies de Vriesea (Bromeliaceae) na região da Juréia, sudeste do Brasil (1994) Revista Brasileira De.Botânica, 17 (2), pp. 113-118Araujo, A.C., (1996) Beija-flores E Seus Recursos Florais Numa Área De Planície Costeira Do Litoral Norte De São Paulo, p. 69. , Master Thesis, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Campinas)Azambuja, A., (2008) Interações Entre Platonia Insignis (Clusiaceae) E a Avifauna Visitante Floral No Cerrado Do Maranhão, p. 55. , Master Thesis. Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, BrasilBaker, H.G., Baker, I., Floral nectar sugar constituents in relation to pollinator type (1983) Handbook of Experimental Pollination Biology, pp. 117-141. , In: C. E. Jones & R. J. Little (eds.), Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New YorkBaker, H.G., Baker, I., Hodges, S.A., Sugar composition of nectar and fruits consumed by birds and bats in the tropics and subtropics (1998) Biotropica, 30, pp. 559-586Barbosa, A.A.A., (1997) Biologia Reprodutiva De Uma Comunidade De Campo Sujo, Uberlândia/MG, p. 180. , Ph.D. Thesis. Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, BrasilBarbosa, A.A.A., Hortia brasiliana Vand. (Rutaceae): Polinização por aves Passeriformes no cerrado do sudeste brasileiro (1999) Revista Brasileira De Botânica, 22 (1), pp. 99-105Bawa, K.S., Plant-pollinator interactions in Tropical Rain Forests (1990) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 21, pp. 399-422Bernardello, G., Galetto, L., Rodriguez, I., Reproductive biology, variability of nectar features and pollination of Combretum fruticosum (Combretaceae) in Argentina (1994) Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 114, pp. 293-308Bittrich, V., Amaral, M.C.E., Pollination biology of Symphonia globulifera (Clusiaceae) (1996) Plant Systematics and Evolution, 200, pp. 101-110Bochenski, Z., Bochenski, Z.M., An Old World hummingbird from the Oligocene: A new fossil from Polish Carpathians (2008) Journal of Ornithology, 149, pp. 211-216Brandenburg, A., Dell'olivo, A., Bshary, R., Kuhlemeie, C., The sweetest thing: Advances in nectar research (2009) Current Opinion In Plant Biology, 12, pp. 486-490Buzato, S., Sazima, M., Sazima, I., Hummingbird-pollinated floras at three Atlantic Forest Sites (2000) Biotropica, 32 (4), pp. 824-841Canela, M.B.F., (2006) Interações Entre Plantas E Beija-flores Numa Comunidade De Floresta Atlântica Montana Em Itatiaia, RJ, p. 75. , Ph.D Thesis. Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp). Campinas, BrasilCanela, M.B.F., Sazima, M., Aechmea pectinata: A hummingbird-dependent bromeliad with inconspicuous flowers from the rain-forest in south-eastern Brazil (2003) Annals of Botany, 92, pp. 731-737Canela, M.B.F., Sazima, M., The pollination of Bromelia antiacantha (Bromeliaceae) in southeastern Brazil: Ornithophilous versus melittophilous features (2005) Plant Biology, 7, pp. 411-416Castellanos, M.C., Wilson, P., Thomson, J.D., 'Anti-bee' and 'pro-bird' changes during the evolution of hummingbird pollination in Penstemon flowers (2004) Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 17, pp. 876-885http://www.cbro.org.br, COMITÊ BRASILEIRO DE REGISTROS ORNITOLÓGICOS (CBRO) Lista das aves do Brasil. Versão 05/10/2008, last access: dez/2009Cotton, P.A., Coevolution in an Amazonian hummingbird-plant community (1998) Ibis, 140, pp. 639-646Cotton, P.A., The behavior and interactions of birds visiting Erythrina fusca flowers in the Colombian Amazon (2001) Biotropica, 33, pp. 662-669Cowell, R.K., Betts, B.J., Bunnell, P., Carpenter, F.L., Feinsinger, P., Competition for the nectar of Centropogon valerii by the hummingbird Colibri thlassinus and the flower-piercer Diglossa plumbea, and its evolutionary implications (1974) Condor, 76, pp. 447-452Cruden, R.W., Toledo, V.M., Oriole pollination of Erythrina breviflora (Leguminosae). Evidence for a polytypic view of ornithophilly (1977) Plant Systematics and Evolution, 126, pp. 393-403Cruden, R.W., Hermann, S.M., Peterson, S., Patterns of nectar production and plant-pollinator coevolution (1983) The Biology of Nectaries, pp. 80-125. , In: B. Bentley & T. Elias (eds.), Columbia University Press, New YorkDucroquet, J.P.H.J., Hickel, E.R., Birds as pollinators of Feijoa (Acca sellowiana Berg.) (1997) Acta Horticulture, 452, pp. 37-40Dziedzioch, C., Stevens, A.D., Gottsberger, G., The hummingbird plant community of a Tropical montane rain forest in Southern Ecuador (2003) Plant Biology, 5, pp. 331-337Endress, P.K., (1994) Diversity and Evolutionary Biology of Tropical Flowers, p. 511. , Cambridge University Press, CambridgeEndrigo, E., Develey, P.F., (2004) Birds of Greater Sao Paulo: Field Guide, p. 320. , Aves e Fotos Editora, São PauloFaegri, K., van der Pijl, L., (1979) The Principles of Pollination Ecology, p. 291. , Second edition). Pergamon Press. New YorkFeinsinger, P., Organization of a tropical guild of nectarivorous birds (1976) Ecological Monographs, 46, pp. 257-291Feinsinger, P., Coevolution and pollination (1983) Coevolution, Sinauer Associates, pp. 282-310. , In: D. Futuyma & M. Slatkin (eds.), Sunderland, MassachusettsFeinsinger, P., Colwell, R.K., Community organization among Neotropical nectar-feeding birds (1978) American Zoologist, 18, pp. 779-795Feinsinger, P., Colwell, R.K., Terborgh, J., Chaplin, S.B., Elevation and the morphology, flight energetics, and foraging ecology of tropical hummingbirds (1979) The American Naturalist, 113, pp. 481-497Fleming, T.H., Muchhala, N., Nectar-feeding bird and bat niches in two worlds: Pantropical comparisons of vertebrate pollination systems (2008) Journal of Biogeography, 35, pp. 764-780Freitas, L., Galetto, L., Sazima, M., Pollination by hummingbirds and bees in eight syntopic species and a putative hybrid of Ericaceae in Southeastern Brazil (2006) Plant Systematics and Evolution, 258, pp. 49-61Fumero-Cabán, J.J., Meléndeza-Ckerman, E.J., Relative pollination effectiveness of floral visitors of Pitcairnia angustifolia (Bromeliaceae) (2007) American Journal of Botany, 94 (3), pp. 419-424Geerts, S., Pauw, A., African sunbirds hover to pollinate an invasive hummingbird-pollinated plant (2009) Oikos, 118 (573), p. 579Gill, G.E., Fowler, R.T., Mori, S.A., Pollination Biology of Symphonia globulifera (Clusiaceae) in Central French Guiana (1996) Biotropica, 30 (1), pp. 139-144Grantsau, R., Os beija-flores do Brasil. Editora Expressão e Cultura (1989) Rio De Janeiro, p. 233Greenberg, R., The abundance and seasonality of forest canopy birds on Barro Colorado Island, Panama (1981) Biotropica, 13 (4), pp. 241-251Gryjl, E., Martinez, D.R.C., Baker, I., Avian pollination and nectar use in Combretum fruticosum (Loefl.) (1990) Biotropica, 22 (3), pp. 266-271Hansen, D.M., Olesen, J.M., Mione, T., Johnson, S.D., Müller, C.B., Coloured nectar: Distribution, ecology, and evolution of an enigmatic floral trait (2007) Biological Reviews, 82, pp. 83-111Höfling, E., Camargo, H.F.A., (1993) Aves No Campus Da Cidade Universitária Armando Salles Oliveira, p. 168. , Instituto de Biocie^ncias da Universidade de São Paulo, São PauloJanson, C.H., Terborgh, J., Emmons, L.H., Non flying mammals as pollinating agents in the Amazonian forest (1981) Biotropica, 13, pp. 1-6Johnson, S.D., Nicolson, S.W., Evolutionary associations between nectar properties and specificity in bird pollination systems (2008) Biology Letters, 4 (1), pp. 49-52Knuth, P., (1905) Handbuch Der Blütenbiologie, p. 570. , III. Wilhem Engelmann Verlag. LeipzigLevey, D.J., Stiles, F.G., Birds: Ecology, behavior, and taxonomic affinities (1994) La Selva, Ecology and Natural History of a Neotropical Rain, pp. 217-228. , In: L.A. McDade, K.S. Bawa, H.A. Hespenheide & G.S. Hartshorn (eds.), University of Chicago Press, Chicago and LondonLoiselle, B.A., Bird abundance and seasonality in a Costa Rican lowland forest canopy (1988) The Condor, 90, pp. 761-772Lopes, A.V.F., (2002) Polinização Por Beija-flores Em Remanescente Da Mata Atlântica Pernambucana, Nordeste Do Brasil, p. 126. , Ph.D. Thesis. Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp). Campinas, BrasilLouchart, A., Tourment, N., Carrier, J., Roux, T., Mourer-Chauviré, C., Hummingbird with modern feathering: An exceptionally well-preserved Oligocene fossil from southern France (2008) Naturwissenschaften, 95, pp. 171-175Lowman, M.D., Moffet, M., The ecology of Tropical rain forest canopies (1993) Trends In Ecology and Evolution, 8 (3), pp. 104-107Machado, C.G., Rocca, M.A., Protocolos para o estudo de polinização por aves (2008) Ornitologia E Conservação: Ciência Aplicada, Técnicas De Pesquisa E Levantamento De Aves, pp. 1-17. , In: S. Von Matter, F. Straube, I. Accordi, V. Piacentini, & J.F. Cândido-Jr (eds.), Technical Books, Rio de JaneiroMachado, I.C., Lopes, A.V., Souroubea guianensis Aubl.: Quest for its legitimate pollinator and the first record of tapetal oil in the Marcgraviaceae (2000) Annals of Botany, 85, pp. 705-711Martén-Rodriguez, S., Fenster, C., Pollination Ecology and Breeding Systems of Five Gesneria Species from Puerto Rico (2008) Annals of Botany, 102, pp. 23-30Martinelli, G., Biologia reprodutiva de Bromeliaceae na Reserva Ecológica de Macaé de Cima (1997) Serra De Macaé De Cima: Diversidade Florística E Conservação Em Mata Atlântica, , Pp 213-150 In: H.C. Lima & R.R. Guedes-Bruni (eds.), IP/JBRJ, Rio de JaneiroMaués, M.M., Venturieri, G.C., (1996) Ecologia Da Polinização Do Bacurizeiro (Platonia Insignis Mart.) Clusiaceae. Boletim De Pesquisa, 170, , Belém: Embrapa-CPATUMayr, G., Old World fossil record of modern-type hummingbirds (2004) Science, 304, pp. 861-864Mayr, G., Fossil hummingbirds in the Old World (2005) Biologist, 52 (1), pp. 12-16Mayr, G., New specimens of the early Oligocene Old World hummingbird Eurotrochilus inexpectatus (2007) Journal of Ornithology, 148, pp. 105-111Mendonça, L.B., Anjos, L., Beija-flores (Aves, Trochilidae) e seus recursos florais em uma área urbana do Sul do Brasil (2005) Revista Brasileira De Zoologia, 22 (1), pp. 51-59Morellato, L.P.C., Sazima, M., Modos de polinização em uma floresta semi-decídua no Sudeste do Brasil (Reserva de Santa Genebra, Campinas, SP) (1992) In: Resumos Seminário Mata Santa Genebra - Conservação E Pesquisa Em Uma Reserva Florestal Urbana Em Campinas, p. 13. , Campinas, BrasilMorton, E.S., Effective pollination of Erythrina fusca by the Orchard Oriole (Icterus spurius): Coevolved behavior manipulation? (1979) Annal of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 66, pp. 482-489Muchhala, N., Adaptive trade-off in floral morphology mediates specialization for flowers pollinated by bats and hummingbirds (2007) The American Naturalist, 169 (4), pp. 494-504Nadkarni, N.M., Matelson, T.J., Bird use of epiphyte resourses in Neotropical trees (1989) The Condor, 91, pp. 891-907Neill, D.A., Trapliners in the trees: Hummingbird pollination or Erythrina sect. Erythrina (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae) (1987) Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 74, pp. 27-41Newstrom, L.E., Frankie, G.W., Baker, H.G., A new classification for plant phenology based on flowering patterns in lowland tropical rain forest trees at La Selva, Costa Rica (1994) Biotropica, 26 (2), pp. 141-159Nimer, E., Climatologia da região sudeste do Brasil (1977) Revista Brasileira De Geografia, 34, pp. 3-48Ornelas, J.F., Ordano, M., Hernández, A., López, J.C., Mendoza, L., Perroni, Y., Nectar oasis producedby Agave marmorata Roezl. (Agavaceae) lead to spatial and temporal segregation among nectarivores in the Tehuacán Valley, México Journal of Arid Environments, 52, pp. 37-51Ortega-Olivencia, A., Rodriguez-Riano, T., Valtuena, F.J., Lopez, J., Devesa, J.A., First confirmation of a native bird-pollinated plant in Europe (2005) Oikos, 110 (3), pp. 578-590Olmos, F., Boulhosa, R.L.P., A meeting of opportunists: Birds and other visitors to Mabea fistulifera (Euphorbiaceae) inflorescences (2000) Ararajuba, 8 (2), pp. 93-98Opler, P.A., Nectar production in a tropical ecosystem (1983) The Biology of Nectaries, pp. 30-79. , In: B. Bentley & T. Elias (eds.), Columbia University Press, New YorkParrini, R., Raposo, M.A., Associação entre aves e flores de duas espécies de árvores do gênero Erythrina (Fabaceae) na Mata Atlântica do sudeste do Brasil. Iheringia, Sér (2008) Zool, 98 (1), pp. 123-128Pearson, D.L., Vertical stratification of birds in a Tropical dry forest (1971) The Condor, 73, pp. 46-55Pellmyr, O., Pollination by animals (2002) Plant-animal Interactions - An Evolutionary Approach, pp. 157-184. , C.H. Herrera & O. Pellmyr (eds.), Blackwell Publishing, MaldenPettet, A., Seasonal changes in nectar-feeding by birds at Zaria, Nigeria (1977) Ibis, 119, pp. 291-308Pinheiro, M.C., Ormond, W.T., Lima, H.A., Correia, M.C.R., Biologia da reprodução de Norantea brasiliensis Choisy (Marcgraviaceae) (1995) Revista Brasileira De Biologia, 55 (1 SUPPL.), pp. 79-88Pivetta, M., (2003) Encontros Fugazes, pp. 36-39. , Pesquisa FAPESP, 90Pough, F.H., Heiser, J.B., McFarland, W.N., (1996) Vertebrate Life, p. 798. , (Forth edition). Prentice Hall. New JerseyPrimack, R.B., Longevity of individual flowers (1985) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 16, pp. 15-37Ragusa-Neto, J., Exploitation of Erythrina dominguezii Hassl. (Fabaceae) nectar by perching birds in a dry forest in Western Brazil (2002) Brazilian Journal of Biology, 62 (4), pp. 877-883Rodríguez-Gironés, M.A., Why are so many bird flowers red? (2004) PLoS Biology, 2 (10), pp. e350. , LRocca-De-Andrade, M.A., (2006) Recurso Floral Para Aves Em Uma Comunidade De Mata Atlântica De Encosta: Sazonalidade E Distribuição Vertical, p. 118. , Ph.D. Thesis. Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp). Campinas, BrasilRocca, M.A., Sazima, M., The dioecious, sphingophilous species Citharexylum myrianthum (Verbenaceae): Pollination and visitor diversity (2006) Flora, 201 (6), pp. 440-450Rocca, M.A., Sazima, M., Ornithophilous canopy species in the Atlantic rain forest of southeastern Brazil (2008) Journal Field Ornithology, 79 (2), pp. 130-137Rocca, M.A., Sazima, M., The study of interactions between birds and flowers in the Neotropics: A matter of point of view Trends In Ornithology Research, pp. 197-207. , In: P. K. Ulrich &J. H. Willett (eds.), Nova Science Publishers, New YorkRocca, M.A., Sazima, M., Sazima, I., Woody woodpecker enjoys soft drinks: The blond-crested woodpecker seeks nectar and pollinates canopy plants in south-eastern Brazil (2006) Biota Neotropica, 6 (2). , http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v6n2/en/abstract?short-communication+b n02606022006, ISSN 1676-0603Roitman, G.G., Montaldo, N.H., Medan, D., Pollination biology of Myrrhinium atropurpureum (Myrtaceae): Sweet fleshy petals attract frugivorous birds (1997) Biotropica, 29 (2), pp. 162-168Rosero-Lasprilla, L., Sazima, M., Interacciones planta-colibrí en tres comunidades vegetales de la parte suroriental del Parque Nacional Natural Chiribiquete, Colombia (2004) Ornitologia Neotropical, 15 (SUPPL.), pp. 183-190Sanmartin-Gajardo, I., Freitas, L., Hummingbird pollination in Besleria longimucronata Hoehne (Gesneriaceae) in southeastern Brazil (1999) Biociências, 7, pp. 13-24Sazima, I., Sazima, M., Petiscos florais: Pétalas de Acca sellowiana (Myrtaceae) como fonte alimentar para aves numa área urbana no Sul do Brasil (2007) Biota Neotropica, 7, pp. 307-311Sazima, I., Sazima, C., Sazima, M., A catch-all leguminous tree: Erythrina velutina visited and pollinated by vertebrates at an oceanic island (2009) Australian Journal of Botany, 57, pp. 26-30Sazima, I., Buzato, S., Sazima, M., The saw-billed hermit Ramphodon naevius and its flowers in southeastern Brazil (1995) Journal Für Ornithologie, 136, pp. 195-206Sazima, I., Buzato, S., Sazima, M., An assemblage of hummingbird- pollinated flowers in a montane forest in Southeastern Brazil (1996) Botanica Acta, 109, pp. 149-160Sazima, M., Sazima, I., The perching bird Coereba flaveola as a co-pollinator of bromeliad flowers in southeastern Brazil (1999) Canadian Journal of Zoology, 77, pp. 47-51Sazima, M., Vogel, S., Prado, A.L., de Oliveira, D.M., Franz, G., Sazima, I., The sweet jelly of Combretum lanceolatum flowers (Combretaceae): A cornucopia resource for bird pollinators in the pantanal, western Brazil (2001) Plant Systematics and Evolution, 227, pp. 195-208Sazima, I., Buzato, S., Sazima, M., The bizarre inflorescence of Norantea brasiliensis (Marcgraviaceae): Visits of hovering and perching birds (1993) Botanica Acta, 106, pp. 507-513Sazima, M., Buzato, S., Sazima, I., Polinização por beija-flores em Nidularium e gêneros relacionados (2000) Bromélias Da Mata Atlântica - Nidularium, pp. 188-195. , In: E.C. Leme (ed.), Hamburg Donnelley Gráfica Editora Ltda, Rio de JaneiroSchemske, D.W., Floral ecology and hummingbird pollination of Combretum farinosum in Costa Rica (1980) Biotropica, 12 (3), pp. 169-181Schmidt-Nielsen, K., (1997) Animal Physiology - Adaptation and Environment (Fifth Edition), p. 607. , Cambridge University Press. CambridgeSchmidt-Lebuhn, A.N., Schwerdtfege, M., Kessler, M., Lohaus, G., Phylogenetic constraints vs. ecology in the nectar composition of Acanthaceae (2007) Flora, 202, pp. 62-69Schondube, J.E., Martinez, D.R.C., The flowerpiercers' hook: An experimental test of an evolutionary trade-off (2003) Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological Sciences, 270 (1511), pp. 195-198Sekercioglu, C.H., Increasing awareness of avian ecological function (2006) Trends In Ecology and Evolution, 21 (8), pp. 464-471Sérsic, N.A., Cocucci, A.A., A remarkable case of ornithophily in Calceolaria: Food bodies as rewards for a non-nectarivorous bird (1996) Botanica Acta, 109, pp. 172-176Sick, H., (1997) Ornitologia Brasileira, p. 912. , Editora Nova Fronteira, Rio de JaneiroSilva, P.A., Periquitos (Aratinga aurea e Brotogeris chiriri, Psittacidae) como potenciais polinizadores de Mabea fistulifera Mart. (Euphorbiaceae) (2008) Revista Brasileira De Ornitologia, 16 (1), pp. 23-28Silva, J.F., Rubio, T.C., Combretum lanceolatum como recurso alimentar para aves no Pantanal (2007) Revista Brasileira De Ornitologia, 15 (3), pp. 459-460Simpson, B.B., Neff, J.L., Floral rewards: Alternatives to pollen and nectar (1981) Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 68, pp. 301-322Smith-Ramírez, C., Armesto, J.J., Nectarivoría y polinización por aves en Embothrium coccineum (Proteaceae) en La isla de Chiloé, Chile (1998) Revista Chilena De Historia Natural, 71, pp. 51-63Snow, B.K., Snow, D.W., The feeding ecology of Tanagers and honeycreepers in Trinidad (1971) The Auk, 38, pp. 291-322Snow, B.K., Snow, D.W., Feeding niches of hummingbirds in a Trinidad valley (1972) Journal of Animal Ecology, 41, pp. 471-485Snow, D.W., Teixeira, D.L., Hummingbirds and their flowers in the coastal mountains of southeastern Brazil (1982) Journal of Ornithology, 123, pp. 446-450Snow, D.W., Coevolution of birds and plants (1981) The Evolving Biosphere, pp. 169-178. , In: P. L. Forey & P.H. Greenwood. (eds.), Part II. Coexistence and coevolution, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, EnglandSnow, D.W., Snow, B.K., Relationships between hummingbirds and flowers in the Andes of Colombia (1980) Bulletin of the British Museum Natural History (Zoology), 38 (2), pp. 105-139Snow, D.W., Snow, B.K., Feeding ecology of hummingbirds in the Serra do Mar, Southeastern Brazil (1986) El Honero, 12, pp. 286-296Souza, V.C., Lorenzi, H., (2005) Botânica Sistemática, p. 640. , Ed. Plantarum. Nova OdessaSteiner, K.E., Passerine pollination of Erythrina megistophylla Diels (Fabaceae) (1979) Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 66, pp. 490-502Stiles, F.G., Temporal organization of flowering among the hummingbird foodplants of a tropical wet forets (1978) Biotropica, 10 (3), pp. 194-210Stiles, F.G., Geographical aspects of bird-flower coevolution, with particular reference to Central America (1981) Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 68, pp. 323-351Stiles, F.G., Birds: Introduction (1983) Costa Rican Natural History, pp. 502-530. , In: D.H. Janzen (ed.), University of Chicago Press, ChicagoTammy, L.S., Husband, B.C., Routley, M.B., Plant breeding systems and pollen dispersal - Intrinsic attributes of the breeding system (2005) Practical Pollination Biology. Enviroquest, pp. 27-82. , In: A. Dafni, P.G. Kevan & B.C. Husband (eds.), Ontario, CanadaTerborgh, J., Keystone plant resources in the tropical forest (1986) Conservation Biology, pp. 330-334. , In: M. Soulé (ed.), Sinauer, Sunderland, MassachussetsToledo, V.M., Hernandez, H.M., Erythrina oliviae: A new case of oriole pollination in Mexico (1979) Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 66 (3), pp. 503-511Toledo, V.M., Chiranthodendron pentadactylon Larreategui (Sterculiaceae): Una especie polinizada por aves percheras (1975) Bol. Soc. Bot. Mex, 35, pp. 59-67Toledo, V.M., Pollination of some rain forest plants by non-hovering birds in Veracruz, Mexico (1977) Biotropica, 9, pp. 262-267Traveset, A., Willson, M.F., Sabag, C., Effect of nectar-robbing birds on fruit set of Fuchsia magellanica in Tierra Del Fuego: A disrupted mutualism (1998) Functional Ecology, 12, pp. 459-464van der Pijl, L., Disharmony between Asiatic flower-birds and American bird-flowers (1937) Annales Du Jardin Botanique De Buitenzorg, 48, pp. 17-26Vicentini, A., Fischer, E.A., Pollination of Moronobea coccinea (Clusiaceae) by the golden-winged parakeet in Central Amazon (1999) Biotropica, 31 (4), pp. 692-696Wester, P., Claben-Bockhoff, R., Hummingbird pollination in Salvia haenkei (Lamiaceae) lacking the typical lever mechanism (2006) Plant Systematics and Evolution, 257, pp. 133-146Westerkamp, C., Bird-flowers: Hovering versus perching exploitation (1990) Botanica Acta, 103, pp. 366-371Whelan, C.J., Wenny, D.G., Marquis, R.J., Ecosystem Services Provided by Birds (2008) Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1134, pp. 25-60Whitfield, J., Birds accept sweets from strange flowers (2001) Nature Science Update. Nature News Service/Macmillan Magazines LtdWolf, L.L., Stiles, F.G., Hainsworth, F.R., Ecological organization of a tropical, highland hummingbird community (1976) Journal of Animal Ecology, 45, pp. 349-379Wolff, D., Braun, M., Liede, S., Nocturnal versus diurnal pollination success in Isertia laevis (Rubiaceae): A sphingophilous plant visited by hummingbirds (2003) Plant Biology, 5, pp. 71-78Young, J.Z., (1981) The Life of Vertebrates (Third Edition), p. 645. , Oxford University Press. New York