Premise of the study: The patterns of genetic structure in plant populations are mainly related to the species life history and breeding system, and knowledge of these patterns is necessary for the management, use, and conservation of biological diversity. Polyploidy is considered an important mode of evolution in plants, but few studies have evaluated genetic structure of polyploid populations. We studied the patterns of genetic structure and morphological variation of Bromelia antiacantha (Bromeliaceae) populations, a polyploid terrestrial species.Methods: Microsatellite markers and morphological analyses were used to explore patterns of genetic and morphological diversity in wild populations of B. antiacantha.Key results: The results of our simple-sequence repeat analyses supported that B. antiacantha is a polyploid species. The inbreeding coefficients were high and significant in all populations (F IS = 0.431), indicating homozygote excess. Bromelia antiacantha showed high levels of genetic differentiation among populations (F ST = 0.224) and therefore was highly structured. High morphological variation was observed in fruit phenotypic traits in the populations studied.Conclusions: The levels of genetic diversity and the pattern of the population ' s structure may be related to the low recruitment of seeds, clonal reproduction, and the population ' s colonization history. 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