Human studies have repeatedly shown that conditioning pain modulation (CPM) exerts an overall descending inhibitory effect over spinal nociceptive activity. Previous studies have reported a reduction of the nociceptive ...

Nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR) is a protective reaction to a noxious stimulus, resulting in withdrawal of the affected area and thus preventing potential tissue damage. This involuntary reaction consists of neural ...

It has been demonstrated that, on abrupt withdrawal, patients with chronic exposure can experience a number of symptoms indicative of a dependent state. In clinical patients, the earliest to arise and most persistent signal ...

Low back pain has a life time prevalence of 70% to 85%. Approximately 10% to 20% of all patients experience recurrent episodes or develop chronic low back pain. Sociodemographic, clinical, and psychological characteristics ...

Amitraz, an acaricide used to control ectoparasites in animals has a complex pharmacological activity, including α2-adrenergic agonist action. The purpose of this research was to investigate the possible antinociceptive ...

Amitraz, an acaricide used to control ectoparasites in animals has a complex pharmacological activity, including α2-adrenergic agonist action. The purpose of this research was to investigate the possible antinociceptive ...