ntroduction: The 21st century has seen a series of viral pandemics that have collectively infected millions of individuals. To understand factors that may contribute to viral spread and address long-term health sequelae ...

The vertical transmission of the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) occurs predominantly through breastfeeding. Since some bottle-fed children born to carrier mothers still remain seropositive with a frequency ...

Issues on the correlation of viral genetic diversity and treatment response to the hepatitis C infection remain uncertain. The bottleneck effect dictates the characteristics of the viral population that will establish the ...

For two centuries, vaccines have been successful in the fight against viruses, triggering immune protection. Indeed, the elimination of smallpox, the only infectious disease eradicated to date, was made possible through ...

After initiation of an infective cycle, spread of virus infection can occur fundamentally in two different ways: (i) viral particles can be released into the external environment and diffuse through the extracellular space ...

This review summarizes the challenges and adaptations that have taken place in the field of Rhinology and Facial plastics in response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, the prolonged exposure and manipulation ...