Several fish species trigger defensive behavioral responses when exposed to chemical cues that indicate predation risk. In these situations, physiological adjustments are also necessary to prepare the organism for a defensive ...

It is reported in the literature that nearly 20% of rats are susceptible to displays of wild running (WR) behavior when submitted to high intensity acoustic stimulation. Some characteristics of WR suggest that it can be ...

Predation is a strong selective force, and prey species may show specific adaptations that allow recognition, avoidance, and defense against predators. Facing a situation of predatory risk, anxiety constitutes a reaction ...

The chemical detection of predation risk is direct when based on predator odors, or indirect when an injured conspecific or heterospecific signal it. Physiological adjustments may be necessary in parallel to defensive ...

The insular cortex (IC), among other brain regions, becomes active when humans experience fear or anxiety. However, few experimental studies in rats have implicated the IC in threat responses. We have recently reported ...

Prey organisms exhibit primary adaptations that contribute to avoid predators and secondary mechanisms that allowthemto defend themselves. Particularly behavioral adaptations allowthem to recognize, avoid and defend against ...

The existence of innate predator aversion evoked by predator-derived chemostimuli called kairomones offers a strong selective advantage for potential prey animals. However, it is unclear how chemically diverse kairomones ...