In the Neotropics, colonies of the ant Pseudomyrmex dendroicus are found in the hollow stems of Triplaris americana. The ants are obligate inhabitants of the ant-plant and they nest and reproduce exclusively in this ...

Abiotic factors have dramatic effects on herbivore insect populations. However, little is known about the effects of the abiotic factor of shade on the mutualism between ants and Hemiptera (aphids, scales, mealy bugs, ...

Abiotic factors have dramatic effects on herbivore insect populations. However, little is known about the effects of the abiotic factor of shade on the mutualism between ants and Hemiptera (aphids, scales, mealy bugs, ...

The different types of mutualistic interactions, such as pollination, seed dispersal, and ant-plant mutualisms, have been examined from the perspective of interaction networks. Among the aspects addressed, the "β-diversity ...

Mutualisms such as animal pollination and seed dispersal, and protection of plants and insects by ants are ubiquitous in terrestrial ecosystems. Currently, mutualistic interactions among plants and animals are recognized ...

Sewage sludge is a nitrogen-rich organic compound, which can be used to aid development in plants such as Platycyamus regnellii (Fabaceae), in the recovery of degraded areas. This study aimed to assess the bottom-up effects ...