Different approaches for the estimation of the uncertainty related to measurement results are found in the literature and in published guidelines. In the present work three approaches were used to estimate the uncertainty ...

Bistable images are visual stimuli that have the particular characteristic of being interpreted in two different ways. Due to their physical characteristics, these images, while being observed, encourage the observer to ...

Soil disturbances that increase nutrient availability may trigger bottom-up cascading effects along trophic chains. However, the strength and sign of these effects may depend on attributes of the interacting species. Here, ...

Bottom-up and top-down effects act together to exert strong control over plant growth and reproduction, but how physical stress modifies those interactive forces remains unclear. Even though empirical evidence is scarce, ...

This field experimental study simultaneously analysed the effects of predation (top-down) and nutrients (bottom-up) on planktonic communities (phytoplankton, zooplankton, heterotrophic nanoflagellates and ciliates) in a ...

In this paper, a new visual selection model is proposed, which combines both early visual features and object-based visual selection modulations. This model integrates three main mechanisms. The first is responsible for ...

Decision-tree induction algorithms are widely used in knowledge discovery and data mining, specially in scenarios where model comprehensibility is desired. A variation of the traditional univariate approach is the so-called ...