Aminoacyl-transfer RNA (tRNA) synthetases (aaRS) are key players in translation and act early in protein synthesis by mediating the attachment of amino acids to their cognate tRNA molecules. In plants, protein synthesis ...

Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are the macromolecules that transfer activated amino acids from aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to the ribosome, where they are used for the mRNA guided synthesis of proteins. Transfer RNAs are ancient ...

The incorporation of non-canonical amino acids into proteins has emerged as a promising strategy to manipulate and study protein structure-function relationships with superior precision in vitro and in vivo. To date, ...

Expression of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases is regulated by a variety of mechanisms at the level of transcription or translation. A T-box dependent transcription termination/antitermination riboswitch system that responds to ...

Glutamyl-tRNA synthetases (GluRSs) occur in two types, the discriminating and the nondiscriminating enzymes. They differ in their choice of substrates and use either tRNA(Glu) or both tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). Although most ...

© 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Glutamyl-tRNA (Glu-tRNAGlu) is the common substrate for both protein translation and heme biosynthesis via the C5 pathway. Under normal conditions, an adequate ...

The aminoacyl-RNA synthetases have been shown to carry out the following two-step reaction: 1. 1) amino acid + ATP + enzyme ⇌ aminoacyl-AMP-enzyme + PPi 2. 2) aminoacyl-AMP-enzyme + sRNA ⇌ aminoacyl-sRNA + AMP + enzyme. ...

Expression of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases is regulated by a variety of mechanisms at the level of transcription or translation. A T-box dependent transcription termination/antitermination riboswitch system that responds to ...