Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite belonging to the phylum apicomplexa and can virtually infect all warm-blood vertebrates. Although humans are considered accidental intermediate hosts, one third of ...

ABSTRACT: Anionic phospholipids can adopt molecular arrangements different to the bilayer which is the arrangement of the lipids in the matrix of cell membranes. These molecular arrangements, or lipidic particles, are ...

In the present study, we addressed the question of whether Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-mediated innate immunity can contribute to the development of acquired immune responses. We immunized TLR2−/− and wild-type (WT) mice ...

In response to pathogen recognition by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on their cell surface, macrophages release lipid mediators and cytokines that are widely distributed throughout the body and play essential roles in host ...

The female genital tract (FGT) has unique characteristics, which have evolved to adequately carry on its vital function of reproduction. Thus, on the one hand the FGT has to be tolerogenic enough not to reject the ...

Mast Cells (MCs) express toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), a receptor known to be triggered by several major mycobacterial ligands and involved in resistance against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection. This study ...

Introduction. TLR´s play a role in host defense in HIV infection recognizing the viral DNA or RNA. Their activation induces a signaling pathway that includes the proteins MyD88, IRAK4, TRAF6 and the transcription factor ...

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are critical sensors related to inflammation and tumorigenesis. Among all subtypes, the TLR4 is a highly described transmembrane protein involved in the inflammatory process. The TLR4/myeloid ...