Signaling pathways are responsible for the regulation of cell processes, such as monitoring the external environment, transmitting information across membranes, and making cell fate decisions. Given the increasing amount ...

Microorganisms have the ability to adapt and respond to different environmental conditions, whether they are stressful or not. Although the detection and/or responding mechanisms are often unknown, a large number of proteins ...

Astrocytes in the normal brain possess a stellate shape reflecting their non-migratory properties. Alternatively, in neurodegenerative diseases or after injury, astrocytes become "reactive" in a process known as astrocytosis ...

In biochemical signaling pathways without explicit feedback connections, the core signal transduction is usually described as a one-way communication, going from upstream to downstream in a feedforward chain or network of ...

Estrogens are crucial determinants in the regulation of anterior pituitary function and maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Estrogen actions in this gland are exerted through both classical and non-classical mechanisms of ...

Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation play an important role in the regulation of growth factor and cytokine signal transduction to modulate cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. In some cellular ...

Estradiol (132) accelerates oviductal egg transport through nongenomic pathways involving oviductal protein phosphorylation in non-mated rats, and through genomic pathways in mated rats. Here we investigated the ability ...