There is no standard rule for the definition of an optimal amount of international reserves and several assumptions underlie the rationale behind holding reserves. There are various theoretical approaches, but no standard ...

Most models currently used to determine optimal foreign reserve holdings take the level of international debt as given. However, given the sovereign`s willingness-to-pay incentive problems, reserve accumulation may reduce ...

The world foreign exchange reserves declined 7% from the first quarter of 2014 to the second quarter of 2016, mostly due to a significant reduction in reserve accumulation in emerging and developing economies – a 13% drop ...

This paper describes ongoing efforts to establish and manage a lateral biosphere reserve containing a complex of natural and cultural reserves along the Costa Rica-Panama border. It is the largest, most diverse wildland ...

The unit commitment is still a widely studied problem, especially when more renewable energy of stochastic character is being added to power systems. This paper proposes a model for weekly planning of systems involving ...

Introduction: Cognitive reserve is a protective factor against neurodegenerative diseases with the capacity to modify the relationship between a pathology and its symptomatic manifestation. For this reason, its study in ...