The complete base sequence of HIV-1 virus and GP120 ENV gene were analyzed to establish their distance to the expected neutral random sequence. An especial methodology was devised to achieve this aim. Analyses included: a) ...

A model for testing molecular evolution is proposed. Randomness of recurrent mutation is defined based on isotropy and zero convariance among nucleotide sites. Assuming an equal rate of mutation for the bases A, T, G, and ...

A model for random molecular evolution based on recurrent mutation is proposed. Recurrent mutation replaces completely any original base in a nucleotidic site. This occurs if more than four times the number of reproductive ...

We consider random generalizations of a quantum model of infinite range introduced by Emch and Radin. The generalizations allow a neat extension from the class l (1) of absolutely summable lattice potentials to the optimal ...

The results of studies of the nature of science (NOS) as a factor that enhances students’ understanding of evolution have been inconclusive. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to test the role of NOS instruction ...

The results of studies of the nature of science (NOS) as a factor that enhances students' understanding of evolution have been inconclusive. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to test the role of NOS instruction ...

We study the non-Markovian evolution of two free spinless distinguishable particles in a 1D lattice using a completely positive map. The Renewal theory is used to introduce, in a phenomenological way, the concept of disorder ...

The Neutral Theory of Evolution (NTE) proposes mutation and random genetic drift as the most important evolutionary factors. The most conspicuous feature of evolution is the genomic stability during paleontological eras ...