The definitions of negative knowledge' and the studies in this regard published to date have not considered the categorial distinction Wittgenstein established between knowledge and certainty. Hence, the important role ...

Previous research indicated that the suppression of consummatory behavior that follows incentive downshift in male rats is attenuated by testosterone (T) administration during training. The present experiments were designed ...

Rats given access to a 32% sucrose solution later reject a 4% solution significantly more than controls that have only received the 4% solution. In Experiment 1, this consummatory successive negative contrast (cSNC) effect ...

The detailed visualization of the small bowel at the radiographic series is restricted by factors as loops overlap and content absence that doesn't allow the contrast with the other structures, disabling many times, an ...

In rats, a change from a preferred solution (e.g. 32% sucrose) to a less preferred (e.g. 4%) produces an abrupt decrement in consumption below the levels of an unshifted group that always had access to the less preferred ...

Frustration can be defined as an emotional state generated by the omission or devaluation in the quantity or quality of an expected appetitive reward. Thus, reactivity to a reward is affected by prior experience with the ...

Posttrial administration of corticosterone was previously shown to enhance consummatory successive negative contrast (cSNC) in rats. The present series of experiments provides additional information that helps determine ...

In a successive negative contrast (SNC) procedure, subjects used to a familiar contingency are unexpectedly shifted to a less favourable one. Typically, mammals in the new condition show lower anticipatory and consummatory ...

The double contrast artrography is a diagnostic method in which positive contrast material (MCP) is injected in the joint space followed by negative contrast in order to outline lesions on the articular surfaces and adjacent ...