Studies on the sociality of heterospecific assemblages of birds have promoted a greater understanding of the types of interactions and survivorship between coexisting species. This study verified the group compositions in ...

Studies on the sociality of heterospecific assemblages of birds have promoted a greater understanding of the types of interactions and survivorship between coexisting species. This study verified the group compositions in ...

In ostariophysan fish, the detection of alarm substance released from the skin of a conspecific or a sympatric heterospecific may elicit alarm reactions or antipredator behavioral responses. In this study, experiments were ...

Reduction of aggressiveness toward familiar neighbors, when compared to aggressiveness toward unfamiliar strangers, can decrease the costs of territory defense. This phenomenon is known as the “dear enemy effect”. Individuals ...

Shorebirds join cohesive flocks for safety. The joining of individuals of several species in large heterospecific flocks can optimise individual vigilance and foraging. However, a large number of conspecific individuals ...

Agricultural land management modify environments in such a way that ecosystem functions are impaired. The establishment of exotic plants, favoured by agricultural land management, may alter the foraging behaviour of native ...