.Historically, arthropod behavior has been considered to be a collection of simple, automaton-like routines commanded by domain-specific brain modules working independently. Nowadays, it is evident that the extensive ...

Escape behaviours of prey animals are frequently used to study the neural control of behaviour. Escape responses are robust, fast, and can be reliably evoked under both field and laboratory conditions. Many escape responses ...

Escape responses to directly approaching predators represent one instance of an animal s ability to avoid collision. Usually, such responses can be easily evoked in the laboratory using two-dimensional computer simulations ...

Juvenile Northern scallops Argopecten purpuratus were exposed to cultures of the paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) producing dinoflagellate, Alexandrium catenella, or a non-toxic microalga as a control, T-iso. After 3 and 6 ...

Exposure to elevated concentrations of CO2 or hypoxia has been widely used in psychiatric research as a panic provoking stimulus. However, the use of these respiratory challenges to model panic-like responses in experimental ...

Fast-starts are brief accelerations commonly observed in fish within the context of predator-prey interactions. In typical C-start escape responses, fish react to a threatening stimulus by bending their body into a C-shape ...

We have recently suggested that the elevated T-maze (ETM) is not a useful test to study different types of anxiety in mice if a procedure similar to that originally validated for rats is employed. The present study ...