One of the challenges of the postgenomic era is characterizing the function and regulation of specific genes. For various reasons, the early chick embryo can easily be adopted as an in vivo assay of gene function and ...

The combination of accessible embryology and forward genetic techniques has made zebrafish a powerful model system for the study of vertebrate development. One limitation of genetic analysis is that the study of gene ...

Molecular dynamics simulations of lipid bilayers in aqueous systems reveal how an applied electric field stabilizes the reorganization of the water–membrane interface into water-filled, membrane-spanning, conductive pores ...

Pores can be generated in lipid membranes by the application of an external electric field or by the addition of particular chemicals such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Molecular dynamics (MD) has been shown to be a useful ...

Gene transfer by electroporation is possible in mouse fetuses within the uterus. As described in this protocol, the pregnant female is anesthetized, the abdominal cavity is opened, and the uterus with the fetuses is ...

Aiming to evaluate some parameters to influence the immune response to DNA vaccination, we compare three protocols of DNA immunization (i.m. injections, i.m. injections followed by electroporation, and the effect of i.p. ...

We here describe a new method for electroporation of Lactobacillus species, obligately homofermentative and facultatively heterofermentative, based on the cell-wall weakening resulting from growth in high-salt media. For ...