Proca's electrodynamics describes a theory of massive photons which is not gauge invariant. In this paper we show that the gauge invariance is recovered if a scalar field is properly incorporated into the theory. We followed ...

Dirac equation is supported by a $SU(2) \otimes SU(2)$ group structure, such that its solutions describe two discrete degrees of freedom, intrinsic parity and spin, which in general are entangled. In this work we will ...

In this work we study the existence of ground-state solutions of Dirac equations with potentials which are allowed to vanish at infinity. The approach is based on minimization of the energy functional over a generalized ...

We establish dynamical localization for random Dirac operators on the d-dimensional lattice, with d∈ {1 , 2 , 3 } , in the three usual regimes: large disorder, band edge and 1D. These operators are discrete versions of the ...

Neste trabalho abordamos de forma introdutória o tratamento de sistemas singulares, em especial as teorias de Maxwell, Proca e Fierz-Pauli, e obtemos resultados originais para a família de modelos de spin-2 massivos do ...

The present work deals with gauge symmetries in discrete systems and classical field theories. The text presents the method of counting degrees of freedom in Hamiltonian formalism in order to investigate the problem of ...

We present a new method to construct the exactly solvable PT-symmetric potentials within the framework of the position-dependent effective mass Dirac equation with the vector potential coupling scheme in 1 + 1 dimensions. ...

We study some symplectic submanifolds in the cotangent bundle of a factorizable Lie group defined by second class constraints. By applying the Dirac method, we study many issues of these spaces as fundamental Dirac brackets, ...