CD80 and CD86 are important in the initiation of T cell immunity. Although their costimulatory function has long been appreciated, it remains unclear whether the biological significance of the two B7 isoforms resides in ...

Effective host defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis requires the induction of Th1 cytokine responses. We investigated the regulated expression and functional role of the inducible costimulator (ICOS), a receptor known ...

We demonstrate that all-trans retinoic acid (RA) induces Ill adaptive T regulatory cells (A-Tregs) to acquire a gut-homing phenotype (alpha 4 beta 7(+) CC chemokine receptor 9(+)) and the capacity to home to the lamina ...

We demonstrate that all-trans retinoic acid (RA) induces FoxP3 adaptive T regulatory cells (A-Tregs) to acquire a gut-homing phenotype ( 4 7 CC chemokine receptor 9 ) and the capacity to home to the lamina ...

Frequency-dependent plasticity (FDP) describes adaptation at the synapse in response to stimulation at different frequencies. Its consequence on the structure and function of cortical networks is unknown. We tested whether ...

Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic skin infection caused by the fungus Fonsecaea pedrosoi. Exploring the reasons underlying the chronic nature of F. pedrosoi infection in a murine model of chromoblastomycosis, we find that ...

The initial steps of Leishmania infection in humans are largely unknown. There is limited information on the Leishmania infected human monocytes, the first cells that the parasite lives in, particularly related to costimulatory ...

Galectin-8 (Gal-8) is a mammalian lectin endowed with the ability to co-stimulate antigen-specific immune responses. We have previously demonstrated that bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells produce high levels of interleukin-6 ...