Bottom-up and top-down effects act together to exert strong control over plant growth and reproduction, but how physical stress modifies those interactive forces remains unclear. Even though empirical evidence is scarce, ...

This field experimental study simultaneously analysed the effects of predation (top-down) and nutrients (bottom-up) on planktonic communities (phytoplankton, zooplankton, heterotrophic nanoflagellates and ciliates) in a ...

“Top-down” and “bottom-up” control processes in exploited ecosystems have been characterised using their impacts on the mean trophic level of catches, changes in biomass, and certain ecosystem attributes. Most scientific ...

The abundance of exotic plants is thought to be limited by competition with resident species (including plants and generalist herbivores). In contrast, observations in semiarid Chile suggest that a native generalist rodent, ...

Productivity and trophic structure of aquatic ecosystems result from a complex interplay of19 bottom-up and top-down forces that operate across benthic and pelagic food web compartments.20 Projected global changes urge the ...