Currently, most vaccines available on the market are for parental use; however, this may not be the best option on several occasions. Mucosal routes of administration such as intranasal, sublingual, and buccal generate ...

The World Health Organization estimates that the pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus claimed more than 3 million lives in 2020 alone. This situation has highlighted the importance of vaccination programs and the urgency ...

Transdermal immunization is highly attractive because of the skin's accessibility and unique immunological characteristics. However, it remains a relatively unexplored route of administration because of the great difficulty ...

Lactic acid bacteria (LABs) are good candidates for the development of new oral vaccines and are attractive alternatives to attenuated pathogens. This review focuses on the use of wild-type and recombinant lactococci and ...

Liposomes (LP) are colloidal systems with ability to compartmentalize therapeutic molecules in order to improve biological activity, decreases the potential toxicity, and to obtain prolonged effect. In this work it was ...

Liposomes (LP) are colloidal systems with ability to compartmentalize therapeutic molecules in order to improve biological activity, decreases the potential toxicity, and to obtain prolonged effect. In this work it was ...

S-layers are bacterial structures present on the surface of several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria that play a role in bacterial protection. In Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus ATCC 4356), the S-layer ...