Avoidance behaviors are central to the anxiety disorders and implicated in many other forms of psychopathology, but the reinforcing mechanism of avoidance remains largely elusive. It has been suggested that subjective ...

Pretraining subcutaneous administration of a high dose of LHRH (100 μg/kg) to intact rats impaired acquisition of a conditioned avoidance response (CAR) in a two way shuttle box. Acquisition of a CAR was also decreased ...

We examined whether pintado catfish (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans) can discriminate between scents of non-injured conspecifics stressed by a predator or by confinement and how fish use this information in the trade-off ...

Abstract: Epidemiological studies have identified numerous environmental and individual characteristics underlying the heterogeneity of gastrointestinal parasitism within host populations. However, the contribution of ...

Inbreeding can have negative consequences on population viability because of the reduced fitness of the progeny. In general, most species have developed mechanisms to minimize inbreeding such as dispersal and kin avoidance ...

Locomotion generates a visual movement pattern characterized as optic flow. To explore how the locomotor adjustments are affected by this pattern, an experimental paradigm was developed to eliminate optic flow during ...