Sexually dichromatic birds often show delayed plumage maturation, but second-year (SY) males may or may not be distinguishable from females. In competitive contexts, SY males receive a reduced amount of adult males’ ...

Females of the closely related capuchino seedeaters are difficult to distinguish from one another based on human visual perception of colouration and morphology. We examined plumage colour differences among females of four ...

In some sexually dichromatic passerines, juvenile males retain a plumage similar to that of adult females through their first year or longer (delayed plumage maturation). The Tawny-bellied Seedeater (Sporophila hypoxantha) ...

We surveyed urban residents to study their knowledge, engagement, perception, and curiosity of bird biodiversity in four Peruvian cities in two different ecosystems (Lima and Huacho in the Pacific desert, and Nauta and ...

Color vision enables visually oriented animals to sense their environments and successfully perform most of their vital activities. Several studies have demonstrated that natural and sexual selection may shape the evolution ...

All organisms have evolved photodetection systems to synchronize their physiology and behavior with the external light-dark (LD) cycles. In nonmammalian vertebrates, the retina, the pineal organ, and the deep brain can be ...

PURPOSE. The vertebrate inner retina has a subset of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) that express the nonvisual photopigment melanopsin. The intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells ...

Strawberry Poison Frogs (Oophaga pumilio) are common members of leaf litter lowland communities in Central America and exhibit several color morphs throughout their distribution. Color plays a determinant role during intra- ...