Artículos de revistas
Persistent Organic Pollutants (pops) In Eastern And Western South American Countries
Registro en:
9780387255262
Reviews Of Environmental Contamination And Toxicology. , v. 185, n. , p. 1 - 33, 2006.
1795953
10.1007/0-387-30638-2_1
2-s2.0-39049142623
Autor
Barra R.
Colombo J.C.
Eguren G.
Gamboa N.
Jardim W.F.
Mendoza G.
Institución
Resumen
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are a global issue. The recently signed Stockholm POP convention requires information from signatory countries regarding sources and environmental levels. In eastern and western South American countries, this information is not always easily accessible, and therefore an effort toward collection of updated information is required. This review attempts to fulfill these requirements by analyzing the existing information regarding environmental levels of POPs in eight countries of South America. A regional trend for environmental POP information is the uneven contribution among countries, which reflects the different patterns of economic, technical, and scientific development. In general terms, the available information is strongly biased toward those countries with scientists, and technical facilities for performing research in POP-related issues. Data related to environmental levels and spatial patterns principally come from the densely populated areas along major rivers such as the Amazon, Paran, and Río de la Plata. The database is thus strongly biased toward freshwater environments to the detriment of coastal marine areas, which have received proportionally less attention. POP monitoring in air is infrequent in the Region. Data represent a few geographical areas within the Region. PCB levels in air from some urban areas in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile are low to moderate (0.7-6.5 ng/ m3) but considerably higher than those reported for the remote Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) (5 pg/m3). POP monitoring in soils is also limited within the Region. There are no regional monitoring programs, and most data refer to agricultural areas in Chile and urban hot spots in Brazil. Chilean soil data from agricultural areas indicate generally low levels of chlorinated pesticides in spite of a relatively high detection frequency. Overall, several high pesticide levels for freshwater in the Region suggest a complex situation, but the narrow coverage of the data requires a cautious interpretation. Usually, only suspected contaminated ecosystems are monitored, and large-scale regional water monitoring programs have never been undertaken. The few PCB reports indicate generally low to moderate levels (7-22 ng/L), higher than recommended guidelines in urbanized estuaries and rivers such as the Río de la Plata (Argentina) and Biobio (Chile). Pesticide levels show high variability (0.6-14, 160 ng/L), reflecting distinct ecosystem conditions from less-impacted environments to severely polluted streams located in densely populated areas near Buenos Aires and Sao Paulo. Heptachlor, HCHs, aldrin, and DDTs are the most frequently reported pesticides in water, accounting for more than 60% of the total database. Regional POP information for sediments is also dominated by chlorinated pesticides, but presents a more balanced contribution of PCBs with a few reports for PCDD/F. Overall, as observed for waters, sediment data indicate a complex situation in densely populated areas affected by urban-industrial inputs that have high POP levels. The most frequently reported POPs are DDTs, HCHs, PCBs, and heptachlors. The concentrations show a large variability, principally introduced by some highly contaminated sites in Argentina and Brazil with levels 4-5 orders of magnitude higher. Aquatic organisms are by far the most studied organisms in the region, among them principally bivalves and fish. As observed for other environmental receptors, the regional distribution of data is uneven, heavily centered in coastal environments and in some countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Peru). The most comprehensive POP monitoring program in the South American coastal environment is the Mussel Watch. Among the POPs studied, PCBs predominate, followed by DDTs and chlordanes. Baseline PCB concentrations range from 200 to 700 g/kg lipids in unpolluted sites, from 1,000 to 3,000 g/kg in moderately contaminated sites, and from 4,000 to 13,000 g/kg lipids in most affected bivalves from the Río de la Plata (Argentine side), Recife (Brazil), and Punta Arenas (Chile). DDT averages in bivalves are an order of magnitude lower than those of PCBs, below the 5 ppm guideline, and follow a similar spatial pattern. Other organisms that have been analyzed for POPs in the Region are crabs (Cyrtograpsus angulatus), dolphins (Pontoporia blainvillei), and porpoises (Phocoena spinipinnis) from the Atlantic Argentine coast and continental shelf. PCBs show the highest levels (averages, 296, 1980 and 3300 g/kg lipid in crabs, dolphins, and porpoises, respectively) closely followed by DDTs (170, 1670, and 4320 g/kg lipid). PCDD/Fs analyzed in the omnivorous blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) collected in the Santos Bay area (Brazil) showed total TEQ values of 1.5 pg/g wet weight with the predominance of octachlor dioxins, followed by heptachlor congeners. POP data in crustaceans and gastropods from the Valdivia area (southern Chile) show generally low levels, basically of DDTs and DRINs (0.8-5 ng/g ww), whereas very few data from organisms collected in the Peruvian coast show low DDT (1-10 ng/g), and PCB levels (0.12-17.8 ng/g). © 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. 185
1 33 Alvarez, N., Productos fitosanitarios: Su evolución en Argentina (1998) Cámara Argentina de Sanidad Agropecuaria y Fertilizantes (CASAFE) Astolfi, E., Higa de Landoni, J., (1978) Residus des pesticides chlore dans le lait, , Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Salvador, Buenos Aires, Argentina Baker, J.I., Hites, R.A., Is combustion the major source of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans to the environment? A mass balance investigation (2000) Environ Sci Technol, 34, pp. 2879-2886 Ballschmitter, K., Zell, M., Baseline studies of the global pollution. I. Occurrence of organohalogens in pristine European and Antarctic aquatic environments (1980) Int J Environ Anal Chem, 8, pp. 15-35 Barra, R., Cisternas, M., Urrutia, R., Pozo, K., Pacheco, P., Parra, O., Focardi, S., First report on chlorinated pesticide deposition in a sediment core from a small lake in Central Chile (2001) Chemosphere, 45, pp. 749-757 Barra, R., Pozo, K., Muñoz, P., Salamanca, M., Araneda, A., Urrutia, R., Focardi, S., PCBs in a dated sediment core of a high altitude lake in the Chilean altiplano: The Chungará lake (2004) Fresenios Environ Bull, 13, pp. 83-88 Borrell, A., Pastor, T., Aguilar, A., Corcuera, J., Monzón, F., Contaminación por DDT y PCBs en Pontoporia Blainvillei de aguas Argentinas. Variación con la edad y el sexo (1994) Anais do 2a Encontro sobre Coordenaçao de Manejo e Pesquisa da Franciscana Florianópolis, , SC. EF/2/DT11 Boroukhovitch, A., (1999) Current state of chlorine containing pesticides in Uruguay, , http://irptc.unep.ch/pops/POPs_Inc/proceedings/Iguazu/URUGUAYE.html, Available at Braga AM, Krauss T (2000) PCDD/F-concentrations in soil and cows' milk from a hexachlorocyclohexane contaminated area in Rio de Janeiro. Brazil. Organohalogen Compounds 46:354-357Cabrera E (1993) Determinación semicuantitativa de residuos de plaguicidas organoclorados (Aldrin) y carbamatos (Carbaryl) en Solanum Tuberosum: Papa Tesis. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, LimaCaviedes Vidal E (1998) Project Report Fisiología Ecológica de las Aves de San Luis. Línea Ecotoxicología: Búsqueda de bioindicadores de xenobióticos organoclorados en la Región centro-oesteCeleste, M.F., Cáceres, O., Resíduos de Pesticidas clorados em águas do reservatório Lobo (Broa) e seus tributários. (1987) Ciência Cultura, 39, pp. 66-70 (2001) Caracterización de los Bifenilos Policlorados, , CENMA (, PCBs) en la atmósfera urbana de la Región Metropolitana de Chile CETESB (1997) Avaliação Preliminar De Área Contaminada Por Organoclorados (Depósitos De Agrotóxicos Do Município De Canoas (Rs): Fepam Cooperação Técnica Brasil-Alemanha. Outubro De 1997. Coordenação Inter-Projetos (Cip) Gtz/Fepam/Feema/CetesbCETESB (2000) Informação técnica no. 010/00/EEASCompanhia de tecnologia de saneamento ambiental, programa de controle de poluição (2001) Sistema estuarino de santos e são vicente, agosto de 2001, disponível em cd e impresso, , CETESB (2002) Companhia de Tecnologia e Saneamento Basico de Sao Paulo, , www.cetesb.sp.gov.br, accessed in June 2002 Chagas, C.M., Lopes, M.E., Neves, A.A., De Queiroz, J.H., De Oliveira, T.T., Nagen, T.J., Determinação de compostos organoclorados presentes em rios da região de Viçosa, MG. (1999) Química Nova, 22, pp. 506-508 Colombo, J.C., Khalil, M.F., Arnac, M., Horth, A., Catoggio, J.A., Distribution of chlorinated pesticides and individual polichlorinated biphenyls in biotic and abiotic compartiments of the Rio de La Plata (1990) Environ Sci Technol, 24 (4), pp. 498-505 (2001) PCBs en Chile, (2). , CONAMA Comisión Nacional de Medio Ambiente, Diagnóstico Nacional de Contaminantes Orgańicos Persistentes. Documento de Trabajo Corcuera J, Monzón F, Aguilar A, Borrell A, Raga AJ (2002) Life History Data, Organochlorine Pollutants and Parasites from Eight Burmeister's Popoises, Phocoena spinipinnis, Caught in Northern Argentine Waters. Special Issue on Phocoenids. Report of the International Whaling Commission, CambridgeCosta, C., (2000) Dias contados para o Ascarel Brasil, 240, pp. 89-91. , Energia Costa MA de C (1997) Estudo dos níeis ambientais de DDT em fauna e sedimentos na região da Baía de Todos os Santos. Dissertaçáo de Mestrado em Química Analítica Instituto de Química, UFBA, Salvador, p. 65(1998) Informe técnico, , DINAMA-SOHMA-SHN , Impacto de Zonas Costeras. Módulo Salto-Concordia. Comisión Administradora del río Uruguay. Subcomisión de Contaminacíon (2000) Proceedings, UNEP Chemical Workshop on the Management of Polychlorinated Biphenyl, Dioxins and Furans, , DINAMA Dirección Nacional de Medio Ambiente, UNEP Chemicals, Montevideo, Uruguay, 19-22 Septiembre Farrington, F.W., Tripp, B.W., NOAA Technical Memorandun NOS ORCA 95. International Mussel Watch Project. Initial Implementation Phase (1995), Final Report. NOAAFocardi, S., Fossi, C., Leonzio, C., Corsolini, S., Parra, O., Persistent organochlorine residues in fish and water birds from the Biobio River, Chile (1996) Environ Monit Assess, 43 (1), pp. 73-92 García Fernandez, J.C., Marzi, A., Casabella, A., Roses, O., Guatelli, M., Villaamil, E., (1979) Plaguicidas organoclorados en aguas de los ríos Paraná y Uruguay Ecotoxicología, 1, pp. 51-78 Gavilan, J.F., Barra, R., Fossi, M.C., Casini, S., Salinas, G., Parra, O., Focardi, S., Biochemical biomarkers in fish from different river systems reflect exposure to a variety of anthropogenic stressors (2001) Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 66 (4), pp. 476-483 Gonzalez, M., Miglioranza, K.S.B., Gerpe, M.S., Menone, M.L., Lanfranchi, A.L., Aizpún de Moreno, J.E., Moreno, V.J., (2001) Acumulación de plaguicidas organoclorados (POC's) en vegetales comestibles cultivados en una huerta orgánica. IV Reunión Anual de SETAC Latinoamérica, pp. SQ6. , Buenos Aires. Argentina Grossi, G., Lichtig, J., Krauss, P., PCDD/F, PCB and PAH content of Brazilian compost (1998) Chemosphere, 37, pp. 2153-2160 Higa de Landoni, J., (1978) Contaminación por Plaguicidas Clorados en la canasta familiar Argentina. Repercusión Biológica, , Facultad de Medicina. Universidad del Salvador, Buenos Aires (1987) Evaluación preliminar del grado de contaminación química en algunos alimentos, , INDA Instituto Nacional de Desarrollo Agroindustrial, Lima, Peru (1990) Fuentes de Contaminación con Residuos de Plaguicidas Organoclorados y Metales Pesados en Sectores Agrícolas, Regiones IV a XI, , INIA , Ministerio de Agricultura, Chile Krauss, P., United Nations Environment Programme. Chemicals (2000) Proceedings of UNEP Chemicals Workshop on the Management of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) and Dioxins/Furans. 19-22, , September, Montevideo, Uruguay Krauss, P., Mahanke, K., Freire, L., Determination of PCDD/F and PCB in forest soil from Brazil (1995) Organohalogen Compounds, 24, pp. 357-361 Lamparelli, M.C., Kuhlmann, M.L., Carvalho, M.C., Salvador, M.E.P., Souza, R.C., Botelho, M.J.C., Costa, M.P., Boldrini, C.V., (1996) Avaliação do complexo Billings: Comunidades aquáticas, água e sedimento, , Relatório técnico da Companhia de Saneamento Ambiental (CETESB) DAH Lara, W.H., Barreto, H.H.C., Takahashi, M.Y., (1999) Resíduos de pesticidas clorados em frutas e verduras, , Revista do Instituto Adolfo Lutz Lenardon, A., Maitre de Hevia, M., Enrique de Carbone, S., Organochlorine Pesticides in Argentinian butter (1994) Sci Total Environ, 144, pp. 273-277 Lohmann, R., Ockenden, W.A., Shears, J., Jones, K.C., Atmospheric distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and non-ortho biphenyls (PCBs) along a North-South Atlantic transect (2001) Environ Sci Technol, 35, pp. 4046-4053 Lopes, J.L.C., Casanoca, I.C., Figueiredo, M.C.G., Nather, F.C., Avelar, W.E.P., Anodontites trapesialis: A biological monitor of organochlorine pesticides (1992) Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, 23 (3), pp. 351-354 Mackay, D., (2001) Multimedia Environmental Models: The Fugacity Approach, , Lewis, Boca Raton Maitre, M.I., de la Sierra, P., Lenardon, A., Enrique, S., Marino, F., Pesticide residue levels in Argentinian pasteurized milk (1994) Sci Total Environ, 155, pp. 105-108 Mandalakis, M., Stephanou, E.G., Polychlorinated biphenyl associated with fine particles (PM 2.5) in the urban environment of Chile: Concentration levels and sampling volatilization losses (2002) Environ Toxicol Chem, 21 (11), pp. 2270-2275 Mariottini, M., Aurigi, S., Focardi, S., Congener profile and toxicity assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls in human adipose tissue of Italians and Chileans (2000) Microchem J, 67 (1-3), pp. 63-71 Mariottini, M., Guerranti, C., Aurigi, S., Corsi, I., Focardi, S., Pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyl residues in human adipose tissue (2002) Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 68, pp. 72-78 Brazil), , http://aliceweb.mdic.gov.br, MDIC Ministério do Desenvolvimento da Indústria e Comércio, accessed in August 2002 Menone, M.L., Aizpún de Moreno, J.E., Moreno, A.L., Lanfranchi, T.L., Metcalfe, T.L., Metcalfe, C.D., Organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in a Southern Atlantic Coastal Lagoon Watershed, Argentina (2001) Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, 40, pp. 355-362 (1994) Analysis of Organochlorine Pesticides in Foods, Years 1983-1993, , Ministry of Health Chile , Public Health Institute of Chile, Subdepartamento Bromatología Muñoz, J., Becker, P.H., The kelp gull as bioindicator of environmental chemicals in the Magellan region. A comparison with other coastal sites in Chile (1999) Sci, 63 (SUPPL. 1), pp. 495-502. , Mar Inventario Nacional de liberaciones de dioxinas y furanos (2002) Uruguay - 2000. Ministerio de Vivienda, , MVOTMA-DINAMA-UNEP , Ordenamiento Territorial y Medio Ambiente-Dirección Nacional de Medio Ambiente-UNEP, 54 pp Natale OE, Gomez CE, Pechen de D'Angelo AM, Soria CA (1988) In: Abbou R (ed) Waterborne Pesticides in the Negro River Basin (Argentina). Hazardous Waste: Detection, Control, Treatment: Proceedings of the World Conference on Hazardous Waste, Budapest, Hungary, Oct. 25-31, 1987, Part A. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 879-907Ockenden, W., Lohmann, R., Shears, J., Jones, K.C., The significance of PCBs in the atmosphere of the southern hemisphere (2001) Environ Sci Pollut Res, 8, pp. 189-194 Oliveira, R.M., Brilhante, O.M., Hexachlorocyclohexane contamination in an urban area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (1996) Environ Int, 22, pp. 289-294 Palma-Fleming, H., Espinoza, O., Gutierrez, E., Pino, M., Organochlorine pesticides in sediment of the Valdivia river estuary in Chile (1998) Bol Soc Ch Quim, 43 (4), pp. 435-445 Rodriguez Girault, M.E., Alvarez, G., Ridolfi, A., Rovenna, A., Mirson, D., Villaamil, E., Lopez, C.M., Roses, O., Plaguicidas Organoclorados en Leches Infantiles (2001) XII Congreso Argentino de Toxicología, VA-8, p. 30. , Rosario, Argentina, p Rovedatti, M.G., Castañe, P.M., Topalian, M.L., Salibian, A., Monitoring of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides in the water of the Reconquista River (Buenos Aires, Argentina) (2001) Water Res, 35, pp. 3457-3461 Sericano, J., Wade, T., Jackson, T., Brooks, J., Tripp, B., Farrington, J., Mee, L., Goldberg, E., Trace organic contamination in the Americas: An overview of the US National Status and Trends and the International Mussel Watch Programmes (1995) Mar Pollut Bull, 31, pp. 214-225 Tamayo, C., Matus, M.N., Montes, S.C., Cristi, V.R., Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) determination in human milk samples collected in three provinces of the tenth region of Chile 1990 (1994) Rev Med Chile, 122 (7), pp. 746-753 Tavares, T.M., Bereta, M., Costa, M.C., Ratio of DDT/DDE in the All Saints Bay, Brazil and its use in environmental management (1999) Chemosphere, 38 (6), pp. 1446-1553 Telles, D.L., (2001) Inseticidas organoclorados e bifenilos policlorados (PCBs) na região estuarina de Itamartacá/PE: Aspectos analíticos e ambientais, , Tese de Doutorado Recife-PE Topalián, M.L., Castañé, P.M., Rovedatti, M.G., Dos años de monitoreo regular de plaguicidas en el agua del Río Reconquista (1996) X Congreso Argentino de Toxicología, 34, p. 35. , Buenos Aires, Argentina, p Torres JPM, Malm O, Vieira EDR, Japenga J, Koopmans GF (2002a) Organic micropollutants on river sediments from Rio de Janeiro state, Southeast Brazil. Cadernos de Saúde Pública Rio de Janeiro 18(2): 277-488Torres, J.P.M., Pfeiffer, W.C., Markowitz, S., Pause, R., Malm, O., Japenga, J., Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane in soil, river, sediment and fish in the Amazon in Brazil (2002) Environ Res, 88 (2), pp. 134-139 (1999) Dioxin and Furan Inventories, National and Regional Emissions of PCDD/PCDF, , UNEP , United Nations Environment Programme, UNEP Chemicals, Geneva, Switzerland (2003) Regionally Based Assessment of Persistent Toxic Substances. Global Report, , UNEP , UNEP Chemicals. Geneva, Switzerland (2003) Standardized Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Dioxin and Furan Releases, , UNEP , UNEP Chemicals, Geneva, Switzerland Vilar de Saráchaga, D., (1997) Perfil nacional para la gestión de sustancias químicas. Foro Intergubernamental de Seguridad Química, , United Nations Institute for Training and Research UNITAR Villaamil, E.C., (2000) Residuos de plaguicidas organoclorados en alimentos de consumo habitual en la ciudad de Buenos Aires, , Tesis doctoral, Toxicología y Química Legal, FFyB, UBA Villaamil, E.C., Ridolfi, A., Ravenna, A., Pongelli, V., Roses, O., Investigación de residuos de plaguicidas organoclorados en alimentos no grasos de consumo habitual en Buenos Aires (1999) XI Congreso Argentino de Toxicología, AN16, p. 83. , Buenos Aires, Argentina, p Villaamil, E.C., Ridolfi, A., Ravenna, A., Paonessa, A., Roses, O., Investigación de residuos de plaguicidas organoclorados en alimentos grasos de consumo habitual en Buenos Aires (1999) XI Congreso Argentino de Toxicología, , Buenos Aires, Argentina Wilcke, W., Lilienfein, J., Do Carmo, L., Bayreuth, B., Contamination of highly weathered urban soils in Uberlandia (1999) J Plant Nutr Soil Sci, 162, pp. 539-548 Whelan, J., Hunt, J., Volatile C1-C8 organic compounds in sediments from the Peru upwelling region (1983) Org Geochem, 5, pp. 13-28 (2000) 2000-2001: People and Ecosystems: The Fraying Web of Life, , World Resources , United Nations Development Program, United Nations Environment Program, World Bank, World Resources Institute. Elsevier, Amsterdam