Life Cycle Inventory Analysis - A Case Study Of Steel Used In Brazilian Automobiles

Data acquisition to perform LCA is time and capital consuming. There is already international data about environmental aspects in several processes. This study aims to verify the possibility of adapting international data to Brazilian conditions. Therefore, a Life Cycle Inventory was conducted to compare the use of national and international data for steel used in automobiles. This was done in three steps: objective and scope definition, inventory analysis and interpretation. LCI is a simplification of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) as impact assessment is not taken into account. Even so, LCI takes into account all life cycle stages of a product, that is, from its extraction through its deposition. In this study, three phases of the life cycle were considered: steel manufacturing, automobile use and disposal. In the case studied, the amount of steel evaluated was 263 kg, which would be possible to be replaced by other materials in a 1,300 kg automobile. Resources and energy consumption, atmospheric emissions and solid residues production were taken into account within the analysis done. Results show that automobile use and materials manufacturing are responsible for the bulk of energy and resources consumption. Solid residues occur mainly in the discard phase, due to the low level of recycling. Several differences were also achieved between national and international data, which implies the need of environmental databases development.

365

370

Guidelines for Life-Cycle Assessment: A code of 'practice' (1993) Pub. Setac. Workshop, , Sesimbra, Portugal. Ed. Consoli F et al. 31/3-3/4

Curran, M.A., (1996) Environmental Life Cycle Assessment, , McGraw-Hill

Guinée, J.B., (1996) Development of a Methodology for Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Products, , Ph.D. Thesis. Leiden University. The Netherlands

Using life cycle assessments for the environmental evaluation of greenhouse gas mitigation options (1995) Energy Conversion and Management, 37 (6-8), pp. 831-836. , Nieuwlaar E, Alsema E, Van Engelenburg B. Elsevier Science Ltda

Boguski, T.K., Hunt, R.G., Cholakis, J.M., Franklin, W.E., LCA methodology (1996) Environmental Life Cycle Assessment, , Curran, M.A. Cap. 2.2. McGraw-Hill

(1997) ISO 14043 Environmental Management, Life Cycle Assessment, Life Cycle Interpretation

Keoleian, G.A., Krishnendu, K., Manion, M.M., Bulkley, J.W., (1997) Industrial Ecology of the Automobile: A Life Cycle Perspective, , University of Michigan. SAE. Warrendale, PA. ISBN 1-56091-985-X. 159 pp

Davis, (2001) Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 21, , Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 267 pp

Campos Fo, M.P., (1981) Introdução à Metalurgia Extrativa e Siderurgia, , Ed. Unicamp

(1999) Indicadores de Ecoeficiência. Meio Ambiente, , http://www.csn.com.br

Yoshiki-Gravelsins, K.S., Toguri, J.M., Choo, R.T.C., Metals production, energy, and the environment, part II: Environmental impact (1993) JOM, 45 (8), pp. 23-29. , Ago.1993

Mining and its environmental impact (1994) Issues in Environmental Science and Technology, , Cambridge. 164 pp

Craig, J.R., Vaughan, D.J., Skinner, B.J., (1996) Resources of the Earth: Origin, Use and Environmental Impact. Second Edition, , Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Printed in the USA. ISBN 0-13-457029-4. 472 pp

Amêndola, P.L., Azevedo, J., Cavalcante, M.S.A., Coutinho, J.A.G., Esteves, M.G., Neves, V., Indústrias potencialmente poluidoras (1995) Cadernos de Geociências, pp. 85-109. , 13. IBGE. Jan./Mar

Ravindran, T.K., Towards a technological war against pollution (1998) Minerals & Meetals Review, 24 (8), pp. 74-76. , Bulkrishna Binani. ISSN 0378-6366 August

Heinisch, R., (1993) Anais do III Simpósio Nacional de Gerenciamento Ambiental da Indústria, pp. 135-142. , Gerenciamento Ambiental na Siderurgia. Gerenciamento Ambiental na Indústria. Editora Signus Ltda./Revista Saneamento Ambiental

(1999) Aluminium Sustainability, , http://www.world-aluminium.org

Filleti, A., (1995) Seminário de Tecnologia da Indústria do Aluminio, , ABAL, São Paulo, SP. 339-343 pp

ABAL (Associação Brasileira de Alumínio) Comunicação pessoal em 13/12/1999Teufel, D., Apud: Autobiografia: O impacto ecológico de um carro ao longo de sua vida (1994) Superinteressante, pp. 72-73. , Jan

Schuckert, M., Beddies, H., Gediga, J., Florin, H., Eyerer, P., Schweimer, G.W., Life cycle inventories: New experiences to save environmental loads and costs (1997) Proceedings of the 1997 Total Life Cycle Conference Life Cycle Management and Assessment. Part 1, pp. 91-96. , April, Ed: SAE International

Kobayashi, O., Car life cycle inventory assessment (1997) Proceedings of the 1997 Total Life Cycle Conference - Design for the Environment, Recycling and Environmental Impact (Part 2), pp. 89-97. , Ed: SAE. April

Courtright, M.L., Used oil: Don't dump it, recycle it (1990) Machine Design, pp. 81-86

Fussler, C., Ecobalances: A key to better environmental material choices (1991) Plastics, Rubber and Composites Processing and Applications, 16 (3), pp. 179-182. , The Plastics and Rubber Institute, England. Printed in Great Britain

Lowe, M.O., (1991) Repensando o Transporte Urbano. Qualidade de Vida 1991, pp. 87-109. , Worldwatch Institute, Ed. Globo

Vladimir, B., Miroslav, S., Josef, V., Health aspects of human exposure to exhaust gases and traffic noise (1996) Proceedings FISITA 96. XXVI Congress Fisita, pp. 17-21. , Praha, June

Hatori, Y., Recycling of vehicles: Present status and challenges (1996) Proceedings FISITA, p. 96

Durning, A., How much is enough? The consumer society and the future of the earth (1992) The Worldwatch Environmental Alert Series, pp. 78-88. , W.W. Norton e Company

(1994) Transport and the Environment, Eighteenth Report, , London, October

Williams, R., Gary, Mc.V., (1997) Basic Research Needs for Environmentally Responsive Technologies of the Future an Integrated Perspective of Academic, Industrial, and Government Researchers Sponsored by the National Science Foundation and the Department of Energy, , http://pmi.princeton.edu

Kasperowski, M., Recycling of end-of-life vehicles and components - Facts and visions 1996 (1996) Proceedings FISITA, p. 96

Mapleston, P., Auto sector's recycling goals keep plastics on hotseat (1995) Modern Plastics, pp. 48-58. , May

Niemeyer, S.R., Grisso, W.W., Heiden, K., (1995) Handling Wastes: Vehicle Batteries, , http://www.ianr.unl.edu/PUBS/nebfacts/nf195.htm

Allen, D., Applications of life-cycle assessment (1996) Environmental Life Cycle Assessment. Chapter 5, , Curran MA. McGraw Hill

Manahan, S.E., (1994) Environmental Chemistry. Sixth Edition, , Lewis Publishers, 811 pp

(1997) Anuário Estatístico. Setor Metalúrgico 1994-1996

(2004) Anuário Estatístico. Setor Metalúrgico 2003, , http://www.mme.gov.br/smm/anuario/smm.htm

(1999) Indicadores de Ecoeficiência. Meio Ambiente, , http://www.csn.com.br

(1998) Relatório de Desempenho Ambiental 30/12

http://www.cosipa.com.br, 2000(2000) Indicadores de Ecoeficiência. Meio Ambiente, , http://www.cst.com.br

(1999) Anuário Estatístico. Setor Metalúrgico. 1994-1998, , http://www.mme.gov.br/smm/anuario/smm.htm

Silva, M.J., O lixo que vira aço (1999) Metalurgia e Metais, pp. 144-150. , Ed. Segmento. Abr

Campos Fo, M.P., (1981) Introdução a Metalurgia Extrativa e Siderurgia, , Ed. Unicamp

Silva, A.L.C., Mei, P.R., (1981) Tecnologia dos Aços, , Ed. Unicamp/Eletrometal

http://www.petrobras.com.br/revista/tec8.htm, 1999(2000) Balanço Energético Nacional, , http://www.mme.gov.br

(1999) Anuário Estatístico dos Transportes

(2000) Relatório de Qualidade do Ar no Estado de São Paulo, , Secretaria do Meio Ambiente. São Paulo. Abril

Farro, W., Sucata vira matéria-prima e gera lucro (1997) Revista da Indústria, pp. 22-26. , 15 Sep

Unidades produtivas (2000) Siderurgia, , http://www.belgomineira.com.br

(2000) Gestão Ambiental, , http://www.gerdau.com.br

(2002) Steel Statistical Yearbook 2002, , Interntional Iron and Steel Institute. Committee on Economic Studies. Brussels, 113 pp

Mann, M.K., Spath, P.L., (1996) Economic and Life Cycle Assessment of an Integrated Biomass Gasification Combined Cycle System

Pedroso Jr., F.J., (1996) Avaliação Energética e Estimativa das Emissões de Poluentes pelo Setor de Transportes da Região Administrativa de Campinas, , Dizrtação de Mestrado. Unicamp. Campinas, SP. 142 pp

Subjects

Show full item record