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MALDI-MS argininyl bufadienolide esters fingerprint from parotoid gland secretions of Rhinella arenarum : age, gender and seasonal variation
(John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2018-06)
In many amphibians, the granular glands can be grouped in special regions forming macroglands. This is the case of toads, characterized by the presence of a pair of parotoid macroglands, strategically located to give ...
Morphological diversity in the parotoid macroglands of neotropical true toads (Anura: Bufonidae) and its association with the release of glandular secretion
(Elsevier Gmbh, 2021-09)
The parotoid macrogland in toads of the family Bufonidae is a complex structure mainly related to a defensive function. It presents considerable variability among species regarding their morphology, chemical nature of the ...
Functional assessment of toad parotoid macroglands: A study based on poison replacement after mechanical compression
(ElsevierOxford, 2014-09)
Toads have a pair of parotoid macroglands behind the eyes that secrete poison used in passive defence against predators. These macroglands are composed of juxtaposed alveoli, each one bearing a syncytial gland, all connected ...
Diversity and evolution of the parotoid macrogland in true toads (Anura: Bufonidae)
(Wiley Blackwell Publishing, Inc, 2019-09)
Skin glands in amphibians are either distributed throughout the skin or aggregated in multiglandular structures such as the parotoids typical of most species of Bufonidae. Although many early divergent and derived bufonids ...
Post-metamorphic development of skin glands in a true toad: Parotoids versus dorsal skin
(Wiley-liss, Div John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2017-05)
Chemical defenses in amphibians are a common antipredatory and antimicrobial strategy related to the presence of dermal glands that synthesize and store toxic or unpalatable substances. Glands are either distributed ...
Morphological Changes in Skin Glands During Development in Rhinella Arenarum (Anura: Bufonidae)
(Wiley-liss, Div John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2016-01)
Avoiding predation is critical to survival of animals; chemical defenses represent a common strategy among amphibians. In this study, we examined histologically the morphology of skin glands and types of secretions related ...
Passive and Active Defense in Toads: The Parotoid Macroglands in Rhinella marina and Rhaebo guttatus
(Wiley-blackwellHobokenEUA, 2014)
Antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal activity of bufadienolides isolated from the toad Rhinella jimi parotoid macrogland secretion
(PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2008)
Amphibian skin secretions are considered a rich source of biologically active compounds and are known to be rich in peptides, bufadienolides and alkaloids. Bufadienolides are cardioactive steroids from animals and plants ...
The Parotoid Gland Secretion from Peruvian Toad Rhinella horribilis (Wiegmann, 1833): Chemical Composition and Effect on the Proliferation and Migration of Lung Cancer Cells
(MDPI, 2020)
Since Rhinella sp. toads produce bioactive substances, some species have been used in traditional medicine and magical practices by ancient cultures in Peru. During several decades, the Rhinella horribilis toad was confused ...