Article
Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19.2 million participants
Registro en:
NCD Risk Factor Collaboration. Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19.2 million participants. Lancet, v. 387,n. 10026, p. 1377-1396, 2016. doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30054-X
0140-6736
10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30054-X
Autor
NCD Risk Factor Collaboration
Costa, Maria Fernanda Furtado Lima
Peixoto, Sergio William Viana
Resumen
Mariachiara Di Cesare (Imperial College London, London, UK; Middlesex University, London, UK)*; James Bentham (Imperial College London, London, UK)*; Gretchen A Stevens (World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland)*; Bin Zhou (Imperial College London, London, UK); Goodarz Danaei (Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA); Yuan Lu (Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA);
Honor Bixby (Imperial College London, London, UK); Melanie J Cowan (World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland); Leanne M Riley (World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland); Kaveh Hajifathalian
(Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA); Léa Fortunato (Imperial College London, London, UK); Cristina Taddei (University of Florence, Florence, Italy); James E Bennett (Imperial College London, London, UK); Nayu Ikeda (National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan); Prof Young-Ho Khang (Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea); Catherine Kyobutungi (African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya); Avula Laxmaiah (Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India);
Yanping Li (Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA); Hsien-Ho Lin (National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan); J Jaime Miranda (Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru); Aya Mostafa (Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt); Maria L Turley (Ministry of Health, Wellington, New Zealand); Christopher J Paciorek (University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA); Marc Gunter (Imperial College London, London, UK); Prof Majid Ezzati (Imperial College London, London, UK). Ziad A Abdeen (Al-Quds University, Palestine)*; Zargar Abdul Hamid (Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Care, India)*;
Niveen M Abu-Rmeileh (Birzeit University, Palestine)*;
Benjamin Acosta-Cazares (Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social,
Mexico)*; Robert Adams (The University of Adelaide, Australia)*;
Wichai Aekplakorn (Mahidol University, Thailand)*;
Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas (Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y
Nutricion, Mexico)*; Alireza Ahmadvand (Non-Communicable Diseases
Research Center, Iran)*; Wolfgang Ahrens (Leibniz Institute for
Prevention Research and Epidemiology—BIPS, Germany)*;
Mohamed M Ali (World Health Organization Regional Office for the
Eastern Mediterranean, Egypt)*; Ala’a Alkerwi (Luxembourg Institute of
Health, Luxembourg)*; Mar Alvarez-Pedrerol (Centre for Research in
Environmental Epidemiology, Spain)*; Eman Aly (World Health
Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Egypt)*;
Philippe Amouyel (Lille University and Hospital, France)*;
Antoinette Amuzu (London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine,
UK)*; Lars Bo Andersen (University of Southern Denmark, Denmark)*;
Sigmund A Anderssen (Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Norway)*;
Dolores S Andrade (Universidad de Cuenca, Ecuador)*;
Ranjit Mohan Anjana (Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, India)*;
Hajer Aounallah-Skhiri (National Institute of Public Health, Tunisia)*;
Inger Ariansen (Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway)*;
Tahir Aris (Ministry of Health, Malaysia)*; Nimmathota Arlappa
(Indian Council of Medical Research, India)*; Dominique Arveiler
(Strasbourg University and Hospital, France)*; Felix K Assah (University
of Yaoundé 1, Cameroon)*; Mária Avdicová (Regional Authority of Public
Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia)*; Fereidoun Azizi (Shahid Beheshti
University of Medical Sciences, Iran)*; Bontha V Babu (Indian Council
of Medical Research, India)*; Nagalla Balakrishna (Indian Council of
Medical Research, India)*; Piotr Bandosz (Medical University of Gdansk,
Poland)*; José R Banegas (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain)*;
Carlo M Barbagallo (University of Palermo, Italy)*; Alberto Barceló
(Pan American Health Organization, USA)*; Amina Barkat (Université
Mohammed V de Rabat, Morocco)*; Mauro V Barros (University of
Pernambuco, Brazil)*; Iqbal Bata (Dalhousie University, Canada)*;
Anwar M Batieha (Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan)*;
Rosangela L Batista (Federal University of Maranhao, Brazil)*;
Louise A Baur (University of Sydney, Australia)*; Robert Beaglehole
(University of Auckland, New Zealand)*; Habiba Ben Romdhane
(University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia)*; Mikhail Benet (University
Medical Science, Cuba)*; Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz (Universidad Peruana
Cayetano Heredia, Peru)*; Gailute Bernotiene (Lithuanian University of
Health Sciences, Lithuania)*; Heloisa Bettiol (University of São Paulo,
Brazil)*; Aroor Bhagyalaxmi (B J Medical College, India)*;
Sumit Bharadwaj (Chirayu Medical College, India)*; Santosh K Bhargava
(Sunder Lal Jain Hospital, India)*; Zaid Bhatti (The Aga Khan
University, Pakistan)*; Zulfiqar A Bhutta (The Aga Khan University,
Pakistan)*; HongSheng Bi (Shandong University of Traditional Chinese
Medicine, China)*; Yufang Bi (Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of
Medicine, China)*; Peter Bjerregaard (University of Southern Denmark,
Denmark; University of Greenland, Greenland)*; Espen Bjertness
(University of Oslo, Norway)*; Marius B Bjertness (University of Oslo,
Norway)*; Cecilia Björkelund (University of Gothenburg, Sweden)*;
Margaret Blake (NatCen Social Research, UK)*; Anneke Blokstra
(National Institute for Public Health and the Environment,
Netherlands)*; Simona Bo (University of Turin, Italy)*; Martin Bobak
(University College London, UK)*; Lynne M Boddy (Liverpool John
Moores University, UK)*; Bernhard O Boehm (Nanyang Technological
University, Singapore)*; Heiner Boeing (German Institute of Human
Nutrition, Germany)*; Carlos P Boissonnet (CEMIC, Argentina)*;
Vanina Bongard (Toulouse University School of Medicine, France)*;
Pascal Bovet (Ministry of Health, Seychelles; University of Lausanne,
Switzerland)*; Lutgart Braeckman (Ghent University, Belgium)*;
Marjolijn C E Bragt (FrieslandCampina, Singapore)*; Imperia Brajkovich
(Universidad Central de Venezuela, Venezuela)*; Francesco Branca
(World Health Organization, Switzerland)*; Juergen Breckenkamp
(Bielefeld University, Germany)*; Hermann Brenner (German Cancer
Research Center, Germany)*; Lizzy M Brewster (University of
Amsterdam, Netherlands)*; Garry R Brian (The Fred Hollows
Foundation New Zealand, New Zealand)*; Graziella Bruno (University
of Turin, Italy)*; H B(as) Bueno-de-Mesquita (National Institute for
Public Health and the Environment, Netherlands)*; Anna Bugge
(University of Southern Denmark, Denmark)*; Con Burns (Cork
Institute of Technology, Ireland)*; Antonio Cabrera de León (University
La Laguna, Spain)*; Joseph Cacciottolo (University of Malta, Malta)*;
Tilema Cama (Ministry of Health, Tonga)*; Christine Cameron
(Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, Canada)*;
José Camolas (Hospital Santa Maria, CHLN, Portugal)*; Günay Can
(Istanbul University, Turkey)*; Ana Paula C Cândido (Universidade
Federal de Juiz de Fora, Brazil)*; Vincenzo Capuano (Cardiologia di
Mercato S. Severino, Italy)*; Viviane C Cardoso (University of São Paulo,
Brazil)*; Maria J Carvalho (University of Porto, Portugal)*;
Felipe F Casanueva (Santiago de Compostela University, Spain)*;
Juan-Pablo Casas (University College London, UK)*; Carmelo A Caserta
(Associazione Calabrese di Epatologia, Italy)*; Katia Castetbon (French
Institute for Health Surveillance, France)*; Snehalatha Chamukuttan
(India Diabetes Research Foundation, India)*; Angelique W Chan
(Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore)*; Queenie Chan
(Imperial College London, UK)*; Himanshu K Chaturvedi (National
Institute of Medical Statistics, India)*; Nishi Chaturvedi (University
College London, UK)*; Chien-Jen Chen (Academia Sinica, Taiwan)*;
Fangfang Chen (Capital Institute of Pediatrics, China)*; Huashuai Chen
(Duke University, USA)*; Shuohua Chen (Kailuan General Hospital,
China)*; Zhengming Chen (University of Oxford, UK)*;
Ching-Yu Cheng (Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore)*;
Angela Chetrit (The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health
Policy Research, Israel)*; Arnaud Chiolero (Lausanne University
Hospital, Switzerland)*; Shu-Ti Chiou (Ministry of Health and Welfare,
Taiwan)*; Adela Chirita-Emandi (Victor Babeș University of Medicine
and Pharmacy, Romania)*; Yumi Cho (Korea Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, South Korea)*; Kaare Christensen (University of
Southern Denmark, Denmark)*; Jerzy Chudek (Medical University of
Silesia, Poland)*; Renata Cifkova (Charles University in Prague, Czech
Republic)*; Frank Claessens (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium)*;
Els Clays (Ghent University, Belgium)*; Hans Concin (Agency for
Preventive and Social Medicine, Austria)*; Cyrus Cooper (University of
Southampton, UK)*; Rachel Cooper (University College London, UK)*;
Tara C Coppinger (Cork Institute of Technology, Ireland)*;
Simona Costanzo (IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed,
Italy)*; Dominique Cottel (Institut Pasteur de Lille, France)*;
Chris Cowell (Westmead University of Sydney, Australia)*; Cora L Craig
(Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, Canada)*;
Ana B Crujeiras (CIBEROBN, Spain)*; Graziella D’Arrigo (National
Council of Research, Italy)*; Eleonora d’Orsi (Federal University of Santa
Catarina, Brazil)*; Jean Dallongeville (Institut Pasteur de Lille, France)*;
Albertino Damasceno (Eduardo Mondlane University, Mozambique)*;
Camilla T Damsgaard (University of Copenhagen, Denmark)*;
Goodarz Danaei (Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, USA)*;
Rachel Dankner (The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health
Policy Research, Israel)*; Luc Dauchet (Lille University Hospital,
France)*; Guy De Backer (Ghent University, Belgium)*; Dirk De Bacquer
(Ghent University, Belgium)*; Giovanni de Gaetano (IRCCS Istituto
Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Italy)*; Stefaan De Henauw
(Ghent University, Belgium)*; Delphine De Smedt (Ghent University,
Belgium)*; Mohan Deepa (Madras Diabetes Research Foundation,
India)*; Alexander D Deev (National Research Centre for Preventive
Medicine, Russia)*; Abbas Dehghan (Erasmus Medical Center
Rotterdam, Netherlands)*; Hélène Delisle (University of Montreal,
Canada)*; Francis Delpeuch (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, France)*; Klodian Dhana (Erasmus Medical Center
Rotterdam, Netherlands)*; Augusto F Di Castelnuovo (IRCCS Istituto
Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Italy)*;
Juvenal Soares Dias-da-Costa (Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos,
Brazil)*; Alejandro Diaz (National Council of Scientific and Technical
Research, Argentina)*; Shirin Djalalinia (Non-Communicable Diseases
Research Center, Iran)*; Ha T P Do (National Institute of Nutrition,
Vietnam)*; Annette J Dobson (University of Queensland, Australia)*;
Chiara Donfrancesco (Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy)*; Angela Döring
(Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany)*; Kouamelan Doua
(Ministère de la Santé et de la Lutte Contre le Sida, Côte d’Ivoire)*;
Wojciech Drygas (The Cardinal Wyszynski Institute of Cardiology,
Poland)*; Eruke E Egbagbe (University of Benin College of Medical
Sciences, Nigeria)*; Robert Eggertsen (University of Gothenburg,
Sweden)*; Ulf Ekelund (Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Norway)*;
Jalila El Ati (National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology,
Tunisia)*; Paul Elliott (Imperial College London, UK)*;
Reina Engle-Stone (University of California Davis, USA)*;
Rajiv T Erasmus (University of Stellenbosch, South Africa)*;
Cihangir Erem (Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey)*;
Louise Eriksen (University of Southern Denmark, Denmark)*;
Jorge Escobedo-de la Peña (Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social,
Mexico)*; Alun Evans (The Queen’s University of Belfast, UK)*;
David Faeh (University of Zurich, Switzerland)*; Caroline H Fall
(University of Southampton, UK)*; Farshad Farzadfar
(Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran)*;
Francisco J Felix-Redondo (Centro de Salud Villanueva Norte, Spain)*;
Trevor S Ferguson (The University of the West Indies, Jamaica)*;
Daniel Fernández-Bergés (Hospital Don Benito-Villanueva de la Serena,
Spain)*; Daniel Ferrante (Ministry of Health, Argentina)*;
Marika Ferrari (Council for Agriculture Research and Economics, Italy)*;
Catterina Ferreccio (Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile)*;
Jean Ferrieres (Toulouse University School of Medicine, France)*;
Joseph D Finn (University of Manchester, UK)*; Krista Fischer
(University of Tartu, Estonia)*; Eric Monterubio Flores (Instituto
Nacional de Salud Pública, Mexico)*; Bernhard Föger (Agency for
Preventive and Social Medicine, Austria)*; Leng Huat Foo (Universiti
Sains Malaysia, Malaysia)*; Ann-Sofie Forslund (Luleå University,
Sweden)*; Stephen P Fortmann (Stanford University, USA)*;
Heba M Fouad (WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean,
Egypt)*; Damian K Francis (The University of the West Indies,
Jamaica)*; Maria do Carmo Franco (Federal University of São Paulo,
Brazil)*; Oscar H Franco (Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam,
Netherlands)*; Guillermo Frontera (Hospital Universitario Son Espases,
Spain)*; Flavio D Fuchs (Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil)*;
Sandra C Fuchs (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil)*;
Yuki Fujita (Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Japan)*;
Takuro Furusawa (Kyoto University, Japan)*; Zbigniew Gaciong (Medical
University of Warsaw, Poland)*; Mihai Gafencu (Victor Babeș University
of Medicine and Pharmacy, Romania)*; Dickman Gareta (University of
KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa)*; Sarah P Garnett (University of Sydney,
Australia)*; Jean-Michel Gaspoz (Geneva University Hospitals,
Switzerland)*; Magda Gasull (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública,
Spain)*; Louise Gates (Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australia)*;
Johanna M Geleijnse (Wageningen University, Netherlands)*;
Anoosheh Ghasemian (Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center,
Iran)*; Simona Giampaoli (Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy)*;
Francesco Gianfagna (University of Insubria, Italy)*;
Jonathan Giovannelli (Lille University Hospital, France)*; Aleksander
Giwercman (Lund University, Sweden)*; Rebecca A Goldsmith
(Nutrition Department, Ministry of Health, Israel)*;
Marcela Gonzalez Gross (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain)*;
Juan P González Rivas (The Andes Clinic of Cardio-Metabolic Studies,
Venezuela)*; Mariano Bonet Gorbea (National Institute of Hygiene,
Epidemiology and Microbiology, Cuba)*; Frederic Gottrand (Université
de Lille 2, France)*; Sidsel Graff-Iversen (Norwegian Institute of Public
Health, Norway)*; Dušan Grafnetter (Institute for Clinical and
Experimental Medicine, Czech Republic)*; Aneta Grajda (The Children’s
Memorial Health Institute, Poland)*; Maria G Grammatikopoulou
(Alexander Technological Educational Institute, Greece)*;
Ronald D Gregor (Dalhousie University, Canada)*; Tomasz Grodzicki
(Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland)*; Anders Grøntved
(University of Southern Denmark, Denmark)*; Grabriella Gruden
(University of Turin, Italy)*; Vera Grujic (Institute of Public Health of
Vojvodina, Serbia)*; Dongfeng Gu (National Center of Cardiovascular
Diseases, China)*; Ong Peng Guan (Singapore Eye Research Institute,
Singapore)*; Vilmundur Gudnason (Icelandic Heart Association,
Iceland)*; Ramiro Guerrero (Universidad Icesi, Colombia)*;
Idris Guessous (Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland)*;
Andre L Guimaraes (State University of Montes Claros, Brazil)*;
Martin C Gulliford (King’s College London, UK)*;
Johanna Gunnlaugsdottir (Icelandic Heart Association, Iceland)*;
Marc Gunter (Imperial College London, UK)*; Xiu H Guo (Capital
Medical University, China)*; Yin Guo (Capital Medical University,
China)*; Prakash C Gupta (Healis-Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health,
India)*; Oye Gureje (University of Ibadan, Nigeria)*; Beata Gurzkowska
(The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Poland)*; Laura Gutierrez
(Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Argentina)*;
Felix Gutzwiller (University of Zurich, Switzerland)*; Jytte Halkjær
(Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, Denmark)*; Rebecca Hardy
(University College London, UK)*; Rachakulla Hari Kumar (Indian
Council of Medical Research, India)*; Alison J Hayes (University of
Sydney, Australia)*; Jiang He (Tulane University, USA)*;
Marleen Elisabeth Hendriks (University of Amsterdam Academic
Medical Center, Netherlands)*; Leticia Hernandez Cadena (National
Institute of Public Health, Mexico)*; Ramin Heshmat (Tehran University
of Medical Sciences, Iran)*; Ilpo Tapani Hihtaniemi (Imperial College
London, UK)*; Sai Yin Ho (University of Hong Kong, China)*;
Suzanne C Ho (The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China)*;
Michael Hobbs (University of Western Australia, Australia)*;
Albert Hofman (Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Netherlands)*;
Claudia M Hormiga (Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander,
Colombia)*; Bernardo L Horta (Universidade Federal de Pelotas,
Brazil)*; Leila Houti (University of Oran 1, Algeria)*; Thein Thein Htay
(Ministry of Health, Myanmar)*; Aung Soe Htet (University of Oslo,
Norway)*; Maung Maung Than Htike (Ministry of Health, Myanmar)*;
Yonghua Hu (Peking University Health Science Center, China)*;
Abdullatif S Hussieni (Birzeit University, Palestine)*;
Chinh Nguyen Huu (National Institute of Nutrition, Vietnam)*;
Inge Huybrechts (International Agency for Research on Cancer,
France)*; Nahla Hwalla (American University of Beirut, Lebanon)*;
Licia Iacoviello (IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed,
Italy)*; Anna G Iannone (Cardiologia di Mercato S. Severino, Italy)*;
M Mohsen Ibrahim (Cairo University, Egypt)*; Nayu Ikeda (National
Institute of Health and Nutrition, Japan)*; M Arfan Ikram (Erasmus
Medical Center Rotterdam, Netherlands)*; Vilma E Irazola (Institute for
Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Argentina)*; Muhammad Islam
(Aga Khan University, Pakistan)*; Masanori Iwasaki (Niigata University,
Japan)*; Rod T Jackson (University of Auckland, New Zealand)*;
Jeremy M Jacobs (Hadassah University Medical Center, Israel)*;
Tazeen Jafar (Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore)*;
Kazi M Jamil (Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait)*;
Konrad Jamrozik (University of Adelaide, Australia; deceased)*;
Grazyna Jasienska (Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland)*;
Chao Qiang Jiang (Guangzhou 12th Hospital, China)*; Michel Joffres
(Simon Fraser University, Canada)*; Mattias Johansson (International
Agency for Research on Cancer, France)*; Jost B Jonas (Ruprecht-Karls-
University of Heidelberg, Germany)*; Torben Jørgensen (Research
Centre for Prevention and Health, Denmark)*; Pradeep Joshi (World
Health Organization Country Office, India)*; Anne Juolevi (National
Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland)*; Gregor Jurak (University of
Ljubljana, Slovenia)*; Vesna Jureša (University of Zagreb, Croatia)*;
Rudolf Kaaks (German Cancer Research Center, Germany)*;
Anthony Kafatos (University of Crete, Greece)*; Ofra Kalter-Leibovici
(The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research,
Israel)*; Efthymios Kapantais (Hellenic Medical Association for Obesity,
Greece)*; Amir Kasaeian (Non-Communicable Diseases Research
Center, Iran)*; Joanne Katz (Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public
Health, USA)*; Prabhdeep Kaur (National Institute of Epidemiology,
India)*; Maryam Kavousi (Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam,
Netherlands)*; Ulrich Keil (University of Münster, Germany)*;
Lital Keinan Boker (University of Haifa, Israel)*; Roya Kelishadi (Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable
Disease, Iran)*; Han H C G Kemper (VU University Medical Center,
Netherlands)*; Andre P Kengne (South African Medical Research
Council, South Africa)*; Mathilde Kersting (Research Institute of Child
Nutrition (FKE), Germany)*; Timothy Key (University of Oxford, UK)*;
Yousef Saleh Khader (Jordan University of Science and Technology,
Jordan)*; Davood Khalili (Shahid Beheshti University of Medical
Sciences, Iran)*; Young-Ho Khang (Seoul National University,
South Korea)*; Kay-Tee H Khaw (University of Cambridge, UK)*;
Ilse M S L Khouw (FrieslandCampina, Singapore)*; Stefan Kiechl
(Medical University Innsbruck, Austria)*; Japhet Killewo (Muhimbili
University of Health and Allied Sciences, Tanzania)*; Jeongseon Kim
(National Cancer Center, South Korea)*; Yutaka Kiyohara (Kyushu
University, Japan)*; Jeannette Klimont (Statistics Austria, Austria)*;
Elin Kolle (Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Norway)*;
Patrick Kolsteren (Institute of Tropical Medicine, Belgium)*;
Paul Korrovits (Tartu University Clinics, Estonia)*; Seppo Koskinen
(National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland)*; Katsuyasu Kouda
(Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Japan)*; Slawomir Koziel (Polish
Academy of Sciences Anthropology Unit in Wroclaw, Poland)*;
Wolfgang Kratzer (University Hospital Ulm, Germany)*;
Steinar Krokstad (Norwegian University of Science and Technology,
Norway)*; Daan Kromhout (Wageningen University, Netherlands)*;
Herculina S Kruger (North-West University, South Africa)*;
Krzysztof Kula (Medical University of Lodz, Poland)*; Zbigniew Kulaga
(The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Poland)*; R Krishna Kumar
(Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, India)*; Yadlapalli S Kusuma
(All India Institute of Medical Sciences, India)*; Kari Kuulasmaa
(National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland)*;
Catherine Kyobutungi (African Population and Health Research Center,
Kenya)*; Fatima Zahra Laamiri (Université Mohammed V de Rabat,
Morocco)*; Tiina Laatikainen (National Institute for Health and Welfare,
Finland)*; Carl Lachat (Ghent University, Belgium)*; Youcef Laid
(National Institute of Public Health of Algeria, Algeria)*; Tai Hing Lam
(University of Hong Kong, China)*; Orlando Landrove (Ministerio de
Salud Pública, Cuba)*; Vera Lanska (Institute for Clinical and
Experimental Medicine, Czech Republic)*; Georg Lappas (Sahlgrenska
Academy, Sweden)*; Lars E Laugsand (Norwegian University of Science
and Technology, Norway)*; Avula Laxmaiah (Indian Council of Medical
Research, India)*; Khanh Le Nguyen Bao (National Institute of
Nutrition, Vietnam)*; Tuyen D Le (National Institute of Nutrition,
Vietnam)*; Catherine Leclercq (Food and Agriculture Organization,
Italy)*; Jeannette Lee (National University of Singapore, Singapore)*;
Jeonghee Lee (National Cancer Center, South Korea)*; Terho Lehtimäki
(Tampere University Hospital, Finland)*; Rampal Lekhraj (Universiti
Putra Malaysia, Malaysia)*; Luz M León-Muñoz (Universidad Autónoma
de Madrid, Spain)*; Yanping Li (Harvard T H Chan School of Public
Health, USA)*; Wei-Yen Lim (National University of Singapore,
Singapore)*; M Fernanda Lima-Costa (Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rene
Rachou Research Institute, Brazil)*; Hsien-Ho Lin (National Taiwan
University, Taiwan)*; Xu Lin (University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, China)*; Allan Linneberg (Research Centre for Prevention and
Health, Denmark)*; Lauren Lissner (University of Gothenburg,
Sweden)*; Mieczyslaw Litwin (The Children’s Memorial Health
Institute, Poland)*; Jing Liu (Capital Medical University, Beijing Anzhen
Hospital, China)*; Roberto Lorbeer (University Medicine Greifswald,
Germany)*; Paulo A Lotufo (University of São Paulo, Brazil)*;
José Eugenio Lozano (Consejería de Sanidad Junta de Castilla y León,
Spain)*; Dalia Luksiene (Lithuanian University of Health Sciences,
Lithuania)*; Annamari Lundqvist (National Institute for Health and
Welfare, Finland)*; Nuno Lunet (University of Porto Medical School,
Portugal)*; Per Lytsy (University of Uppsala, Sweden)*; Guansheng Ma
(Peking University, China)*; Suka Machi (The Jikei University School of
Medicine, Japan)*; Stefania Maggi (National Research Council, Italy)*;
Dianna J Magliano (Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Australia)*;
Marcia Makdisse (Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Brazil)*;
Reza Malekzadeh (Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran)*;
Rahul Malhotra (Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore)*;
Kodavanti Mallikharjuna Rao (Indian Council of Medical Research,
India)*; Yannis Manios (Harokopio University of Athens, Greece)*;
Jim I Mann (University of Otago, New Zealand)*; Enzo Manzato
(University of Padova, Italy)*; Paula Margozzini (Pontificia Universidad
Católica de Chile, Chile)*; Oonagh Markey (University of Reading, UK)*;
Pedro Marques-Vidal (Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland)*;
Jaume Marrugat (Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques,
Spain)*; Yves Martin-Prevel (Institut de Recherche pour le
Développement, France)*; Reynaldo Martorell (Emory University,
USA)*; Shariq R Masoodi (Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences,
India)*; Tandi E Matsha (Cape Peninsula University of Technology,
South Africa)*; Artur Mazur (University of Rzeszow, Poland)*;
Jean Claude N Mbanya (University of Yaoundé 1, Cameroon)*;
Shelly R McFarlane (The University of the West Indies, Jamaica)*;
Stephen T McGarvey (Brown University, USA)*; Martin McKee (London
School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK)*; Stela McLachlan
(University of Edinburgh, UK)*; Rachael M McLean (University of
Otago, New Zealand)*; Breige A McNulty (University College Dublin,
Ireland)*; Safiah Md Yusof (Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia)*;
Sounnia Mediene-Benchekor (University of Oran 1, Algeria)*;
Aline Meirhaeghe (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche
Médicale, France)*; Christa Meisinger (Helmholtz Zentrum München,
Germany)*; Larissa L Mendes (Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora,
Brazil)*; Ana Maria B Menezes (Universidade Federal de Pelotas,
Brazil)*; Gert B M Mensink (Robert Koch Institute, Germany)*;
Indrapal I Meshram (Indian Council of Medical Research, India)*;
Andres Metspalu (University of Tartu, Estonia)*; Jie Mi (Capital Institute
of Pediatrics, China)*; Kim F Michaelsen (University of Copenhagen,
Denmark)*; Kairit Mikkel (University of Tartu, Estonia)*; Jody C Miller
(University of Otago, New Zealand)*; Juan Francisco Miquel (Pontificia
Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile)*; J Jaime Miranda (Universidad
Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Peru)*; Marjeta Mišigoj-Duraković
(University of Zagreb, Croatia)*; Mostafa K Mohamed (Ain Shams
University, Egypt)*; Kazem Mohammad (Tehran University of Medical
Sciences, Iran)*; Noushin Mohammadifard (Isfahan Cardiovascular
Research Center, Iran)*; Viswanathan Mohan (Madras Diabetes
Research Foundation, India)*; Muhammad Fadhli Mohd Yusoff
(Ministry of Health, Malaysia)*; Drude Molbo (University of
Copenhagen, Denmark)*; Niels C Møller (University of Southern
Denmark, Denmark)*; Dénes Molnár (University of Pécs, Hungary)*;
Charles K Mondo (Mulago Hospital, Uganda)*; Eric A Monterrubio
(Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Mexico)*;
Kotsedi Daniel K Monyeki (University of Limpopo, South Africa)*;
Leila B Moreira (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil)*;
Alain Morejon (University Medical Science, Cuba)*; Luis A Moreno
(Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain)*; Karen Morgan (RCSI Dublin,
Ireland)*; Erik Lykke Mortensen (University of Copenhagen,
Denmark)*; George Moschonis (Harokopio University of Athens,
Greece)*; Malgorzata Mossakowska (International Institute of Molecular
and Cell Biology, Poland)*; Aya Mostafa (Ain Shams University, Egypt)*;
Jorge Mota (University of Porto, Portugal)*; Mohammad Esmaeel
Motlagh (Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran)*;
Jorge Motta (Gorgas Memorial Institute of Public Health, Panama)*;
Thet Thet Mu (Ministry of Health, Myanmar)*; Maria Lorenza Muiesan
(University of Brescia, Italy)*; Martina Müller-Nurasyid (Helmholtz
Zentrum München, Germany)*; Neil Murphy (Imperial College London,
UK)*; Jaakko Mursu (University of Eastern Finland, Finland)*;
Elaine M Murtagh (Mary Immaculate College, Ireland)*;
Kamarul Imran Musa (Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu,
Malaysia)*; Vera Musil (University of Zagreb, Croatia)*; Gabriele Nagel
(Ulm University, Germany)*; Harunobu Nakamura (Kobe University,
Japan)*; Jana Námešná (Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska
Bystrica, Slovakia)*; Ei Ei K Nang (National University of Singapore,
Singapore)*; Vinay B Nangia (Suraj Eye Institute, India)*;
Martin Nankap (Helen Keller International, Cameroon)*; Sameer Narake
(Healis-Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, India)*;
Eva Maria Navarrete-Muñoz (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública,
Spain)*; Ilona Nenko (Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland)*;
Martin Neovius (Karolinska Institutet, Sweden)*; Flavio Nervi (Pontificia
Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile)*; Hannelore K Neuhauser
(Robert Koch Institute, Germany)*; Nguyen D Nguyen (University of
Pharmacy and Medicine of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam)*;
Quang Ngoc Nguyen (Hanoi Medical University, Vietnam)*;
Ramfis E Nieto-Martínez (Universidad Centro-Occidental Lisandro Alvarado, Venezuela)*; Guang Ning (Shanghai Jiao-Tong University
School of Medicine, China)*; Toshiharu Ninomiya (Kyushu University,
Japan)*; Sania Nishtar (Heartfile, Pakistan)*; Marianna Noale (National
Research Council, Italy)*; Teresa Norat (Imperial College London, UK)*;
Davide Noto (University of Palermo, Italy)*; Mohannad Al Nsour
(Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network, Jordan)*;
Dermot O’Reilly (The Queen’s University of Belfast, UK)*;
Angélica M Ochoa-Avilés (Universidad de Cuenca, Ecuador)*;
Kyungwon Oh (Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
South Korea)*; Iman H Olayan (Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research,
Kuwait)*; Maria Teresa Anselmo Olinto (University of Vale do Rio dos
Sinos, Brazil)*; Maciej Oltarzewski (National Food and Nutrition
Institute, Poland)*; Mohd A Omar (Ministry of Health, Malaysia)*;
Altan Onat (Istanbul University, Turkey)*; Pedro Ordunez
(Pan American Health Organization, USA)*; Ana P Ortiz (University of
Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico)*; Merete Osler (Research Center for
Prevention and Health, Denmark)*; Clive Osmond (MRC Lifecourse
Epidemiology Unit, UK)*; Sergej M Ostojic (University of Novi Sad,
Serbia)*; Johanna A Otero (Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander,
Colombia)*; Kim Overvad (Aarhus University, Denmark)*;
Fred Michel Paccaud (Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine,
Switzerland)*; Cristina Padez (University of Coimbra, Portugal)*;
Andrzej Pajak (Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland)*;
Domenico Palli (Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Italy)*;
Alberto Palloni (University of Madison-Wisconsin, USA)*;
Luigi Palmieri (Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy)*;
Songhomitra Panda-Jonas (Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg,
Germany)*; Francesco Panza (University of Bari, Italy)*;
Winsome R Parnell (University of Otago, New Zealand)*;
Mahboubeh Parsaeian (Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center,
Iran)*; Mangesh S Pednekar (Healis-Sekhsaria Institute for Public
Health, India)*; Petra H Peeters (University Medical Center Utrecht,
Netherlands)*; Sergio Viana Peixoto (Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rene
Rachou Research Institute, Brazil)*; Alexandre C Pereira (Heart Institute
(InCor), Brazil)*; Cynthia M Pérez (University of Puerto Rico Medical
Sciences Campus, Puerto Rico)*; Annette Peters (Helmholtz Zentrum
München, Germany)*; Niloofar Peykari (Non-Communicable Diseases
Research Center, Iran)*; Son Thai Pham (Vietnam National Heart
Institute, Vietnam)*; Iris Pigeot (Leibniz Institute for Prevention
Research and Epidemiology—BIPS, Germany)*; Hynek Pikhart
(University College London, UK)*; Aida Pilav (Federal Ministry of
Health, Bosnia and Herzegovina)*; Lorenza Pilotto (Cardiovascular
Prevention Centre Udine, Italy)*; Francesco Pistelli (University Hospital
of Pisa, Italy)*; Freda Pitakaka (University of New South Wales,
Australia)*; Aleksandra Piwonska (The Cardinal Wyszynski Institute of
Cardiology, Poland)*; Jerzy Piwonski (The Cardinal Wyszynski Institute
of Cardiology, Poland)*; Pedro Plans-Rubió (Public Health Agency of
Catalonia, Spain)*; Bee Koon Poh (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,
Malaysia)*; Miquel Porta (Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions
Mèdiques, Spain)*; Marileen L P Portegies (Erasmus Medical Center
Rotterdam, Netherlands)*; Dimitrios Poulimeneas (Alexander
Technological Educational Institute, Greece)*; Rajendra Pradeepa
(Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, India)*; Mathur Prashant
(Indian Council of Medical Research, India)*; Jacqueline F Price
(University of Edinburgh, UK)*; Maria Puiu (Victor Babeș University of
Medicine and Pharmacy, Romania)*; Margus Punab (Tartu University
Clinics, Estonia)*; Radwan F Qasrawi (Al-Quds University, Palestine)*;
Mostafa Qorbani (Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Iran)*;
Tran Quoc Bao (Ministry of Health, Vietnam)*; Ivana Radic (Institute of
Public Health of Vojvodina, Serbia)*; Ricardas Radisauskas (Lithuanian
University of Health Sciences, Lithuania)*; Mahmudur Rahman
(Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research, Bangladesh)*;
Olli Raitakari (Turku University Hospital, Finland)*; Manu Raj (Amrita
Institute of Medical Sciences, India)*; Sudha Ramachandra Rao
(National Institute of Epidemiology, India)*; Ambady Ramachandran
(India Diabetes Research Foundation, India)*; Jacqueline Ramke
(University of New South Wales, Australia)*; Rafel Ramos (Institut
Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol, Spain)*;
Sanjay Rampal (University of Malaya, Malaysia)*; Finn Rasmussen
(Karolinska Institutet, Sweden)*; Josep Redon (University of Valencia,
Spain)*; Paul Ferdinand M Reganit (University of the Philippines,
Philippines)*; Robespierre Ribeiro (Department of Health, Brazil)*;
Elio Riboli (Imperial College London, UK)*; Fernando Rigo (Health
Center San Agustín, Spain)*; Tobias Floris Rinke de Wit (PharmAccess
Foundation, Netherlands)*; Raphael M Ritti-Dias (Hospital Israelita
Albert Einstein, Brazil)*; Juan A Rivera (Instituto Nacional de Salud
Pública, Mexico)*; Sian M Robinson (University of Southampton, UK)*;
Cynthia Robitaille (Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada)*;
Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid,
Spain)*; María del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez (Canarian Health Service,
Spain)*; Laura A Rodríguez-Villamizar (Universidad Industrial de
Santander, Colombia)*; Rosalba Rojas-Martinez (Instituto Nacional de
Salud Pública, Mexico)*; Nipa Rojroongwasinkul (Mahidol University,
Thailand)*; Dora Romaguera (CIBEROBN, Spain)*; Kimmo Ronkainen
(University of Eastern Finland, Finland)*; Annika Rosengren (University
of Gothenburg, Sweden)*; Ian Rouse (Fiji National University, Fiji)*;
Adolfo Rubinstein (Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy,
Argentina)*; Frank J Rühli (University of Zurich, Switzerland)*;
Ornelas Rui (University of Madeira, Portugal)*;
Blanca Sandra Ruiz-Betancourt (Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social,
Mexico)*; Andrea R V Russo Horimoto (Heart Institute (InCor), Brazil)*;
Marcin Rutkowski (Medical University of Gdansk, Poland)*;
Charumathi Sabanayagam (Singapore Eye Research Institute,
Singapore)*; Harshpal S Sachdev (Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science
and Research, India)*; Olfa Saidi (Faculty of Medicine of Tunis,
Tunisia)*; Benoit Salanave (French Institute for Health Surveillance,
France)*; Eduardo Salazar Martinez (National Institute of Public Health,
Mexico)*; Veikko Salomaa (National Institute for Health and Welfare,
Finland)*; Jukka T Salonen (University of Helsinki, Finland)*;
Massimo Salvetti (University of Brescia, Italy)*; Jose Sánchez-Abanto
(National Institute of Health, Peru)*; Sandjaja (Ministry of Health,
Indonesia)*; Susana Sans (Catalan Department of Health, Spain)*;
Diana A Santos (University of Lisbon, Portugal)*; Osvaldo Santos
(Institute of Preventive Medicine, Portugal)*; Renata Nunes dos Santos
(University of São Paulo, Brazil)*; Rute Santos (University of Porto,
Portugal)*; Luis B Sardinha (University of Lisbon, Portugal)*;
Nizal Sarrafzadegan (Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Iran)*;
Kai-Uwe Saum (German Cancer Research Center, Germany)*;
Savvas C Savva (Research and Education Institute of Child Health,
Cyprus)*; Marcia Scazufca (University of São Paulo, Brazil)*;
Angelika Schaffrath Rosario (Robert Koch Institute, Germany)*;
Herman Schargrodsky (Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina)*;
Anja Schienkiewitz (Robert Koch Institute, Germany)*;
Ida Maria Schmidt (Rigshospitalet, Denmark)*; Ione J Schneider
(Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil)*; Constance Schultsz
(University of Amsterdam Academic Medical Center, Netherlands)*;
Aletta E Schutte (MRC North-West University, South Africa)*;
Aye Aye Sein (Ministry of Health, Thailand)*; Abhijit Sen (Norwegian
University of Science and Technology, Norway)*; Idowu O Senbanjo
(Lagos State University College of Medicine, Nigeria)*; Sadaf G Sepanlou
(Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Iran)*; Svetlana A Shalnova
(National Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, Russia)*;
Jonathan E Shaw (Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Australia)*;
Kenji Shibuya (The University of Tokyo, Japan)*; Youchan Shin
(Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore)*; Rahman Shiri (Finnish
Institute of Occupational Health, Finland)*; Rosalynn Siantar (Singapore
Eye Research Institute, Singapore)*; Abla M Sibai (American University
of Beirut, Lebanon)*; Antonio M Silva (Federal University of Maranhao,
Brazil)*; Diego Augusto Santos Silva (Federal University of Santa
Catarina, Brazil)*; Mary Simon (India Diabetes Research Foundation,
India)*; Judith Simons (St Vincent’s Hospital, Australia)*;
Leon A Simons (University of New South Wales, Australia)*;
Michael Sjostrom (Karolinska Institutet, Sweden)*;
Jolanta Slowikowska-Hilczer (Medical University of Lodz, Poland)*;
Przemyslaw Slusarczyk (International Institute of Molecular and Cell
Biology, Poland)*; Liam Smeeth (London School of Hygiene & Tropical
Medicine, UK)*; Margaret C Smith (University of Oxford, UK)*;
Marieke B Snijder (University of Amsterdam Academic Medical Center,
Netherlands)*; Hung-Kwan So (The Chinese University of Hong Kong,
China)*; Eugène Sobngwi (University of Yaoundé 1, Cameroon)*;
Stefan Söderberg (Umeå University, Sweden)*; Moesijanti Y E Soekatri
(Health Polytechnics Institute, Indonesia)*; Vincenzo Solfrizzi (University of Bari, Italy)*; Emily Sonestedt (Lund University, Sweden)*;
Thorkild I A Sørensen (University of Copenhagen, Denmark)*;
Maroje Sorić (University of Zagreb, Croatia)*; Charles Sossa Jérome
(Institut Régional de Santé Publique, West Africa)*; Aicha Soumare
(University of Bordeaux, France)*; Jan A Staessen (University of Leuven,
Belgium)*; Gregor Starc (University of Ljubljana, Slovenia)*;
Maria G Stathopoulou (INSERM, France)*; Kaspar Staub (University of
Zurich, Switzerland)*; Bill Stavreski (Heart Foundation, Australia)*;
Jostein Steene-Johannessen (Norwegian School of Sport Sciences,
Norway)*; Peter Stehle (Bonn University, Germany)*; Aryeh D Stein
(Emory University, USA)*; George S Stergiou (Sotiria Hospital,
Greece)*; Jochanan Stessman (Hadassah University Medical Center,
Israel)*; Jutta Stieber (Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany)*;
Doris Stöckl (Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany)*; Tanja Stocks
(Lund University, Sweden)*; Jakub Stokwiszewski (National Institute of
Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, Poland)*; Gareth Stratton
(Swansea University, UK)*; Maria Wany Strufaldi (Federal University of
São Paulo, Brazil)*; Chien-An Sun (Fu Jen Catholic University, Taiwan)*;
Johan Sundström (Uppsala University, Sweden)*; Yn-Tz Sung
(The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China)*; Jordi Sunyer
(Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Spain)*;
Paibul Suriyawongpaisal (Mahidol University, Thailand)*;
Boyd A Swinburn (The University of Auckland, New Zealand)*;
Rody G Sy (University of the Philippines, Philippines)*; Lucjan Szponar
(National Food and Nutrition Institute, Poland)*; E Shyong Tai (National
University of Singapore, Singapore)*; Mari-Liis Tammesoo (University
of Tartu, Estonia)*; Abdonas Tamosiunas (Lithuanian University of
Health Sciences, Lithuania)*; Line Tang (Research Centre for Prevention
and Health, Denmark)*; Xun Tang (Peking University Health Science
Center, China)*; Frank Tanser (University of KwaZulu-Natal,
South Africa)*; Yong Tao (Peking University, China)*;
Mohammed Tarawneh (Ministry of Health, Jordan)*; Jakob Tarp
(University of Southern Denmark, Denmark)*;
Carolina B Tarqui-Mamani (National Institute of Health, Peru)*;
Anne Taylor (The University of Adelaide, Australia)*; Félicité Tchibindat
(UNICEF, Cameroon)*; Lutgarde Thijs (University of Leuven,
Belgium)*; Betina H Thuesen (Research Centre for Prevention and
Health, Denmark)*; Anne Tjonneland (Danish Cancer Society Research
Centre, Denmark)*; Hanna K Tolonen (National Institute for Health and
Welfare, Finland)*; Janne S Tolstrup (University of Southern Denmark,
Denmark)*; Murat Topbas (Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey)*;
Roman Topór-Madry (Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland)*;
Maties Torrent (IB-SALUT Area de Salut de Menorca, Spain)*;
Pierre Traissac (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, France)*;
Antonia Trichopoulou (Hellenic Health Foundation, Greece)*;
Dimitrios Trichopoulos (Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health,
USA; deceased)*; Oanh TH Trinh (University of Pharmacy and
Medicine of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam)*; Atul Trivedi (Government
Medical College, India)*; Lechaba Tshepo (Sefako Makgatho Health
Science University, South Africa)*; Marshall K Tulloch-Reid (The
University of the West Indies, Jamaica)*; Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen
(University of Eastern Finland, Finland)*; Jaakko Tuomilehto (Dasman
Diabetes Institute, Kuwait)*; Maria L Turley (Ministry of Health,
New Zealand)*; Per Tynelius (Karolinska Institutet, Sweden)*;
Themistoklis Tzotzas (Hellenic Medical Association for Obesity,
Greece)*; Christophe Tzourio (University of Bordeaux, France)*;
Peter Ueda (Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, USA)*;
Flora AM Ukoli (Meharry Medical College, USA)*; Hanno Ulmer
(Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria)*; Belgin Unal (Dokuz Eylul
University, Turkey)*; Gonzalo Valdivia (Pontificia Universidad Católica
de Chile, Chile)*; Susana Vale (University of Porto, Portugal)*;
Damaskini Valvi (Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, USA)*;
Yvonne T van der Schouw (University Medical Center Utrecht,
Netherlands)*; Koen Van Herck (Ghent University, Belgium)*;
Hoang Van Minh (Hanoi Medical University, Vietnam)*;
Irene G M van Valkengoed (University of Amsterdam Academic Medical
Center, Netherlands)*; Dirk Vanderschueren (Katholieke Universiteit
Leuven, Belgium)*; Diego Vanuzzo (Centro di Prevenzione
Cardiovascolare Udine, Italy)*; Lars Vatten (Norwegian University of
Science and Technology, Norway)*; Tomas Vega (Consejería de Sanidad
Junta de Castilla y León, Spain)*; Gustavo Velasquez-Melendez
(Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil)*; Giovanni Veronesi
(University of Insubria, Italy)*; W M Monique Verschuren (National
Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Netherlands)*;
Giovanni Viegi (Italian National Research Council, Italy)*; Lucie Viet
(National Institute for Public Health and the Environment,
Netherlands)*; Eira Viikari-Juntura (Finnish Institute of Occupational
Health, Finland)*; Paolo Vineis (Imperial College London, UK)*;
Jesus Vioque (Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Spain)*; Jyrki K Virtanen
(University of Eastern Finland, Finland)*; Sophie Visvikis-Siest
(INSERM, France)*; Bharathi Viswanathan (Ministry of Health,
Seychelles)*; Peter Vollenweider (Lausanne University Hospital,
Switzerland)*; Sari Voutilainen (University of Eastern Finland,
Finland)*; Martine Vrijheid (Centre for Research in Environmental
Epidemiology, Spain)*; Alisha N Wade (University of the Witwatersrand,
South Africa)*; Aline Wagner (University of Strasbourg, France)*;
Janette Walton (University College Cork, Ireland)*; Wan Nazaimoon
Wan Mohamud (Institute for Medical Research, Malaysia)*;
Ming-Dong Wang (Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada)*;
Qian Wang (Xinjiang Medical University, China)*; Ya Xing Wang
(Beijing Tongren Hospital, China)*; S Goya Wannamethee (University
College London, UK)*; Nicholas Wareham (University of Cambridge,
UK)*; Deepa Weerasekera (Ministry of Health, New Zealand)*;
Peter H Whincup (St George’s, University of London, UK)*;
Kurt Widhalm (Medical University of Vienna, Austria)*;
Indah S Widyahening (Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia)*;
Andrzej Wiecek (Medical University of Silesia, Poland)*;
Rainford J Wilks (The University of the West Indies, Jamaica)*;
Johann Willeit (Medical University Innsbruck, Austria)*;
Bogdan Wojtyniak (National Institute of Public Health-National Institute
of Hygiene, Poland)*; Jyh Eiin Wong (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,
Malaysia)*; Tien Yin Wong (Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School,
Singapore)*; Jean Woo (The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China)*;
Mark Woodward (University of Sydney, Australia; University of Oxford,
UK)*; Frederick C Wu (University of Manchester, UK)*; JianFeng Wu
(Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China)*;
Shou Ling Wu (Kailuan General Hospital, China)*; Haiquan Xu
(Institute of Food and Nutrition Development of Ministry of Agriculture,
China)*; Liang Xu (Capital Medical University, China)*;
Uruwan Yamborisut (Mahidol University, Thailand)*; Weili Yan (Fudan
University, China)*; Xiaoguang Yang (Chinese Center for Disease
Control and Prevention, China)*; Nazan Yardim (Ministry of Health,
Turkey)*; Xingwang Ye (University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,
China)*; Panayiotis K Yiallouros (Cyprus University of Technology,
Cyprus)*; Akihiro Yoshihara (Niigata University, Japan)*; Qi Sheng You
(Capital Medical University, China)*; Novie O Younger-Coleman (The
University of the West Indies, Jamaica)*; Ahmad F Yusoff (Ministry of
Health, Malaysia)*; Ahmad A Zainuddin (Universiti Teknologi MARA,
Malaysia)*; Sabina Zambon (University of Padova, Italy)*;
Tomasz Zdrojewski (Medical University of Gdansk, Poland)*; Yi Zeng
(Duke University, USA; Peking University, China)*; Dong Zhao (Capital
Medical University Beijing Anzhen Hospital, China)*; Wenhua Zhao
(Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China)*;
Yingfeng Zheng (Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore)*;
Maigeng Zhou (Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,
China)*; Dan Zhu (Inner Mongolia Medical University, China)*;
Esther Zimmermann (Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals,
Denmark)*; Julio Zuñiga Cisneros (Gorgas Memorial Institute of Public
Health, Panama) Background Underweight and severe and morbid obesity are associated with highly elevated risks of adverse health outcomes. We estimated trends in mean body-mass index (BMI), which characterises its population distribution, and in the prevalences of a complete set of BMI categories for adults in all countries.
Methods We analysed, with use of a consistent protocol, population-based studies that had measured height and weight in adults aged 18 years and older. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to these data to estimate trends from 1975 to 2014 in mean BMI and in the prevalences of BMI categories (<18.5 kg/m(2) [underweight], 18.5 kg/m(2) to <20 kg/m(2), 20 kg/m(2) to <25 kg/m(2), 25 kg/m(2) to <30 kg/m(2), 30 kg/m(2) to <35 kg/m(2), 35 kg/m(2) to <40 kg/m(2), = 40 kg/m(2) [morbid obesity]), by sex in 200 countries and territories, organised in 21 regions. We calculated the posterior probability of meeting the target of halting by 2025 the rise in obesity at its 2010 levels, if post-2000 trends continue.
Findings We used 1698 population-based data sources, with more than 19.2 million adult participants (9.9 million men and 9.3 million women) in 186 of 200 countries for which estimates were made. Global age-standardised mean BMI increased from 21.7 kg/m(2) (95% credible interval 21.3-22.1) in 1975 to 24.2 kg/m(2) (24.0-24.4) in 2014 in men, and from 22.1 kg/m(2) (21.7-22.5) in 1975 to 24.4 kg/m(2) (24.2-24.6) in 2014 in women. Regional mean BMIs in 2014 for men ranged from 21.4 kg/m(2) in central Africa and south Asia to 29.2 kg/m(2) (28.6-29.8) in Polynesia and Micronesia; for women the range was from 21.8 kg/m(2) (21.4-22.3) in south Asia to 32.2 kg/m(2) (31.5-32.8) in Polynesia and Micronesia. Over these four decades, age-standardised global prevalence of underweight decreased from 13.8% (10.5-17.4) to 8.8% (7.4-10.3) in men and from 14.6% (11.6-17.9) to 9.7% (8.3-11.1) in women. South Asia had the highest prevalence of underweight in 2014, 23.4% (17.8-29.2) in men and 24.0% (18.9-29.3) in women. Age-standardised prevalence of obesity increased from 3.2% (2.4-4.1) in 1975 to 10.8% (9.7-12.0) in 2014 in men, and from 6.4% (5.1-7.8) to 14.9% (13.6-16.1) in women. 2.3% (2.0-2.7) of the world's men and 5.0% (4.4-5.6) of women were severely obese (ie, have BMI = 35 kg/m(2)). Globally, prevalence of morbid obesity was 0.64% (0.46-0.86) in men and 1.6% (1.3-1.9) in women.
Interpretation If post-2000 trends continue, the probability of meeting the global obesity target is virtually zero. Rather, if these trends continue, by 2025, global obesity prevalence will reach 18% in men and surpass 21% in women; severe obesity will surpass 6% in men and 9% in women. Nonetheless, underweight remains prevalent in the world's poorest regions, especially in south Asia. Copyright (C) NCD Risk Factor Collaboration. Open Access article distributed under the terms of CC BY.