Bin Zhou Imperial College London, London, UK/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Honor Bixby Imperial College London, London, UK/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Rodrigo M. Carrillo-Larco Imperial College London, London, UK/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Marisa K. Sophiea Imperial College London, London, UK/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Maria Laura Caminia Iurilli Imperial College London, London, UK/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Andrea Rodriguez Martinez Imperial College London, London, UK/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration James E. Bennett Imperial College London, London, UK/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Gretchen A. Stevens Imperial College London, London, UK/Independent researcher, Los Angeles, CA, USA/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Abbas Dehghan Imperial College London, London, UK/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Ilpo Tapani Huhtaniemi Imperial College London, London, UK/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin Imperial College London, London, UK/University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland Edward W. Gregg Imperial College London, London, UK/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Majid Ezzati Imperial College London, London, UK/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Goodarz Danaei Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA Yanping Li Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Rod T. Jackson University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Robert Beaglehole University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand Patricia Metcalf University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Farshad Farzadfar Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Naser Ahmadi Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Mehrdad Azmin, Sareh Eghtesad Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ali Ghanbari, Erfan Ghasemi Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Rosa Haghshenas Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Reza Malekzadeh Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Parinaz Mehdipour Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Shahin Merat Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Bahram Mohajer Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Kazem Mohammad Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Zahra Mohammadi Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Farnam Mohebi Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Shohreh Naderimagham Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Afshin Ostovar Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Hossein Poustchi Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Alireza Sadjadi Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Sadaf G. Sepanlou Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Ramin Shakeri Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Maryam Sharafkhah Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Amaneh Shayanrad Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Moein Yoosefi Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Mariachiara Di Cesare Middlesex University, London, UK/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Golaleh Asghari Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Davood Khalili Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Amirabbas Momenan Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Reza Zali Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Klodian Dhana Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Buenos Aires, Argentina Pablo Gulayin Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Buenos Aires, Argentina/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Marilina Santero Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Buenos Aires, Argentina/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Laura Gutierrez Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Buenos Aires, Argentina/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Vilma E. Irazola Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Buenos Aires, Argentina/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Adolfo Rubinstein Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Buenos Aires, Argentina/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Sujay Kakarmath Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Trudy Voortman Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Oscar H. Franco Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Albert Hofman Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration M. Arfan Ikram Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Maryam Kavousi Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Marileen L. P. Portegies Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Leanne M. Riley World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Melanie J. Cowan World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Stefan Savin World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Mohamed M. Ali World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Gretchen A. Stevens Independent researcher, Los Angeles, CA, USA/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Christopher J. Paciorek University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Wichai Aekplakorn Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand Paibul Suriyawongpaisal Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Renata Cifkova Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic/Thomayer Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Simona Giampaoli Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Chiara Donfrancesco Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy Luigi Palmieri Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Andre Pascal Kengne South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Young-Ho Khang Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Kari Kuulasmaa Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Anne Juolevi Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Eero O. Kajantie Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Seppo Koskinen Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Tiina Laatikainen Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Annamari Lundqvist Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Teemu J. Niiranen Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Markku Peltonen Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Veikko Salomaa Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Hanna K. Tolonen Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Jaakko Tuomilehto Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Avula Laxmaiah ICMR–National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Nimmathota Arlappa ICMR–National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Nagalla Balakrishna ICMR–National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Rachakulla Hari Kumar ICMR–National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Kodavanti Mallikharjuna Rao ICMR–National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India Indrapal I. Meshram ICMR–National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Paula Margozzini Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Catterina Ferreccio Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Juan Francisco Miquel Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Flavio Nervi Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile Gonzalo Valdivia Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Prashant Mathur ICMR–National Centre for Disease Informatics and Research, Bengaluru, India/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Børge G. Nordestgaard Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Marianne Benn Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Gorm B. Jensen Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Pia R. Kamstrup Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Anne Tybjaerg-Hansen Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark Anette Varbo Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Dong Zhao Capital Medical University Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Beijing, China Jing Liu Capital Medical University Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Beijing, China Mette Aadahl Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Thomas M. Dantoft Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Marie Eliasen Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Torben Jørgensen Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Allan Linneberg Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Line T. Møllehave, Betina H. Thuesen Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark Ulla Toft Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Leandra Abarca-Gómez Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica Roy A. Wong-McClure Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Hanan Abdul Rahim Qatar University, Doha, Qatar Zumin Shi Qatar University, Doha, Qatar/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Niveen M. Abu-Rmeileh Birzeit University, Birzeit, Palestine Abdullatif S. Husseini Birzeit University, Birzeit, Palestine Benjamin Acosta-Cazares Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico Jorge Escobedo-de la Peña Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico Blanca Sandra Ruiz-Betancourt Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Robert J. Adams Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Imelda A. Agdeppa Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Taguig, The Philippines Mario V. Capanzana Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Taguig, The Philippines Charmaine A. Duante Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Taguig, The Philippines Glen Gironella Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Taguig, The Philippines/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Javad Aghazadeh-Attari Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Iraj Mohebbi Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Carlos A. Aguilar-Salinas Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutricion, Mexico City, Mexico/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Charles Agyemang University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Lizzy M. Brewster University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Marieke B. Snijder University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Karien Stronks University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Irene G. M. van Valkengoed University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Noor Ani Ahmad Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Tahir Aris Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Norazizah Ibrahim Wong Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Muhammad Fadhli Mohd Yusoff Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Balkish M. Naidu Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Mohd Azahadi Omar Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Ahmad Faudzi Yusoff Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Ahmad A. Zainuddin Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Ali Ahmadi Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran Majid Shirani Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Soheir H. Ahmed University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Espen Bjertness University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Marius B. Bjertness University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Ahmed A. Madar University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Haakon E. Meyer University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Wolfgang Ahrens University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Kamel Ajlouni & National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics, Amman, Jordan Mohammad Khateeb National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics, Amman, Jordan Monira Alarouj Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait Abdullah Alkandari Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait Fadia AlBuhairan Aldara Hospital and Medical Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Shahla AlDhukair King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Ala’a Alkerwi Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Eman Aly World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Heba M. Fouad World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Deepak N. Amarapurkar Bombay Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Mumbai, India NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Philippe Amouyel University of Lille, Lille, France NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Luc Dauchet University of Lille, Lille, France/ Lille University Hospital, Lille, France Jonathan Giovannelli University of Lille, Lille, France/ Lille University Hospital, Lille, France Frederic Gottrand University of Lille, Lille, France NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Philippe Amouyel Lille University Hospital, Lille, France Lars Bo Andersen Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Sigmund A. Anderssen Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Ulf Ekelund Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Elin Kolle Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway Jostein Steene-Johannessen Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Ranjit Mohan Anjana Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India Mohan Deepa Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India Viswanathan Mohan Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India Rajendra Pradeepa Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran Seyed Mohammad Hashemi-Shahri Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Hajer Aounallah-Skhiri National Institute of Public Health, Tunis, Tunisia Nada Zoghlami National Institute of Public Health, Tunis, Tunisia Joana Araújo Institute of Public Health of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal Ana Henriques Institute of Public Health of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Inger Ariansen Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway Sidsel Graff-Iversen Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway Raphael E. Arku University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Krishna K. Aryal Abt Associates, Kathmandu, Nepal/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Thor Aspelund University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland Vilmundur Gudnason University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Maria Cecília F. Assunção Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil Paula Duarte de Oliveira Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil Helen Gonçalves Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil Bernardo L. Horta Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil Ana Maria B. Menezes Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil Isabel O. Oliveira Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil Cesar G. Victora Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Juha Auvinen University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland Raija Korpelainen University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland/Oulu Deaconess Institute Foundation, Oulu, Finland Soile E. Puhakka University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland/ Oulu Deaconess Institute Foundation, Oulu, Finland Sylvain Sebert University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Juha Auvinen Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland/Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland Sauli Herrala Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Jari J. Jokelainen Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland Sirkka Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Mária Avdicová Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia Jana Námešná Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Ana Azevedo University of Porto Medical School, Porto, Portugal/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Elisabete Ramos University of Porto Medical School, Porto, Portugal/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Fereidoun Azizi Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Tehran, Iran/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Mohamed Bamoshmoosh University of Science and Technology, Sana’a, Yemen/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland Maciej Banach Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Wojciech Drygas Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland/National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Elzbieta Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Jolanta Slowikowska-Hilczer Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Piotr Bandosz Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Marcin Rutkowski Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland Tomasz Zdrojewski Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland José R. Banegas Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Pilar Guallar-Castillón Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Esther Lopez-Garcia Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Carlo M. Barbagallo University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Davide Noto University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Alberto Barceló Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA Pedro Ordunez Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Amina Barkat Mohammed V University de Rabat, Rabat, Morocco Iqbal Bata Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Ronald D. Gregor Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Anwar M. Batieha Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Hashem Y. Jaddou Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Yousef Saleh Khader Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Assembekov Batyrbek Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Kairat Davletov Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Alibek Mereke Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Louise A. Baur University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Chris Cowell University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Sarah P. Garnett University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Alison J. Hayes University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Eng Joo Tan University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Antonisamy Belavendra Christian Medical College, Vellore, India Gowri Mahasampath Christian Medical College, Vellore, India Thomas Nihal Christian Medical College, Vellore, India/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Habiba Ben Romdhane University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Mikhail Benet Cafam University Foundation, Bogota, Colombia/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Salim Berkinbayev Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Baurzhan Zhussupov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Maria Lazo-Porras Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration J. Jaime Miranda Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Salim Mohanna Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Pedro J. Ortiz Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Tania Tello Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Gailute Bernotiene Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania Jurate Klumbiene Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Dalia Luksiene Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Janina Petkeviciene Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Ricardas Radisauskas Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania Abdonas Tamosiunas Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Heloisa Bettiol University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Viviane C. Cardoso University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Paulo A. Lotufo University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Santosh K. Bhargava Sunder Lal Jain Hospital, Delhi, India/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Yufang Bi Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China Guang Ning Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Asako Bienek Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Stephanie Ko Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Mukharram Bikbov Ufa Eye Research Institute, Ufa, Russia Gyulli Kazakbaeva Ufa Eye Research Institute, Ufa, Russia Bihungum Bista Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Meghnath Dhimal Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Anjani Kumar Jha Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Anil Poudyal Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal Namuna Shrestha Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Peter Bjerregaard University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Louise Eriksen University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark Janne S. Tolstrup University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Cecilia Björkelund University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Robert Eggertsen University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Monica L. Hunsberger University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Lauren Lissner University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Kirsten Mehlig University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Annika Rosengren University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Katia V. Bloch Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Anneke Blokstra National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration W. M. Monique Verschuren National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Lucie Viet National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands Alet H. Wijga National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Simona Bo University of Turin, Turin, Italy/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Graziella Bruno University of Turin, Turin, Italy/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Gabriella Gruden University of Turin, Turin, Italy/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Bernhard O. Boehm Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Jose G. Boggia Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay Oscar A. Noboa Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Carlos P. Boissonnet Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Marialaura Bonaccio IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Simona Costanzo IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Giovanni de Gaetano IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy Licia Iacoviello IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy/University of Insubria, Varese, Italy Vanina Bongard Toulouse University School of Medicine, Toulouse, France Jean Ferrieres Toulouse University School of Medicine, Toulouse, France Rossana Borchini University Hospital of Varese, Varese, Italy Herman Borghs University Hospital KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Pascal Bovet Ministry of Health, Victoria, Seychelles Bharathi Viswanathan Ministry of Health, Victoria, Seychelles/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Pascal Bovet University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland/ Ministry of Health, Victoria, Seychelles Imperia Brajkovich Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Juergen Breckenkamp Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Hermann Brenner German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Kai-Uwe Saum German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany Ben Schöttker German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Anna Bugge University College Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Markus A. Busch Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Yong Du Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Christa Scheidt-Nave Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Anja Schienkiewitz Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Julia Truthmann Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Antonio Cabrera de León Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Joseph Cacciottolo University of Malta, Msida, Malta/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Günay Can Istanbul University – Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Ana Paula C. Cândido Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Eduardo Capuano Gaetano Fucito Hospital, Mercato San Severino, Italy/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Vincenzo Capuano Gaetano Fucito Hospital, Mercato San Severino, Italy/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Anna G. Iannone Gaetano Fucito Hospital, Mercato San Severino, Italy/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Joana Carvalho University of Porto, Porto, Portugal Nuno Lunet University of Porto, Porto, Portugal/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Jorge Mota University of Porto, Porto, Portugal/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Andreia N. Pizarro University of Porto, Porto, Portugal/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Maria Paula Santos University of Porto, Porto, Portugal/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Rute Santos University of Porto, Porto, Portugal/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Felipe F. Casanueva Santiago de Compostela University, Santiago, Spain/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Laura Censi Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rome, Italy/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Marika Ferrari Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rome, Italy/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Charalambos A. Chadjigeorgiou Research and Education Institute of Child Health, Nicosia, Cyprus/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Savvas C. Savva Research and Education Institute of Child Health, Nicosia, Cyprus Michael J. Tornaritis Research and Education Institute of Child Health, Nicosia, Cyprus/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Snehalatha Chamukuttan Dr. A. Ramachandran’s Diabetes Hospital, Chennai, India/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Nish Chaturvedi University College London, London, UK/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Rui Providencia University College London, London, UK/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Reecha Sofat University College London, London, UK/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Julie Taylor University College London, London, UK/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration S. Goya Wannamethee University College London, London, UK Andrew Wong University College London, London, UK/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Chien-Jen Chen Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Wen-Harn Pan Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Fangfang Chen Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Jie Mi Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Shuohua Chen Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, China/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Liufu Cu Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, China Jingli Gao Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, China Shouling Wu Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, China Ching-Yu Cheng Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Tazeen Jafar Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Tien Yin Wong Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Bahman Cheraghian Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Mohammad Esmaeel Motlagh Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Nader Saki Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Angela Chetrit The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Ramat Gan, Israel/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Rachel Dankner The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Ramat Gan, Israel/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Ofra Kalter-Leibovici The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Ramat Gan, Israel/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Shu-Ti Chiou Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Ying-Wei Wang Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration María-Dolores Chirlaque Murcia Health Council, Murcia, Spain/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Belong Cho Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Yumi Cho Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea Kyungwon Oh Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea Jerzy Chudek Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland Andrzej Wiecek Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Frank Claessens Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Dirk Vanderschueren Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Janine Clarke Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Scott B. McLean Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Joel G. R. Roy Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Jennifer Servais Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Els Clays Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Guy De Backer Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Dirk De Bacquer Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Stefaan De Henauw Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Delphine De Smedt Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Patrick Kolsteren Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Carl Lachat Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Nathalie Michels Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Koen Van Herck Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Hans Concin Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine, Bregenz, Austria Bernhard Föger Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine, Bregenz, Austria/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Susana C. Confortin Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Cyrus Cooper University of Southampton, Southampton, UK/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Elaine Dennison University of Southampton, Southampton, UK/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Caroline H. Fall University of Southampton, Southampton, UK/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Allan G. Hill University of Southampton, Southampton, UK/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Senthil K. Vasan University of Southampton, Southampton, UK/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Dominique Cottel Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France Jean Dallongeville Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Ana B. Crujeiras CIBEROBN, Madrid, Spain Dora Romaguera CIBEROBN, Madrid, Spain/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Semánová Csilla University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Felipe V. Cureau Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Mariana Sbaraini Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Beatriz D. Schaan Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Karen Sparrenberger Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Graziella D’Arrigo National Council of Research, Reggio Calabria, Italy/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Eleonora d’Orsi Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil Diego Augusto Santos Silva Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Albertino Damasceno Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration David De Ridder Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Jean-Michel Gaspoz Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Idris Guessous Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Alexander D. Deev National Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, Moscow, Russia Svetlana A. Shalnova National Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, Moscow, Russia/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Hélène Delisle University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Valérie Deschamps French Public Health Agency, St Maurice, France/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Valérie Olié French Public Health Agency, St Maurice, France Benoit Salanave French Public Health Agency, St Maurice, France Augusto F. Di Castelnuovo Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Naples, Italy Francesco Gianfagna Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Naples, Italy/ University of Insubria, Varese, Italy Zivka Dika University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran Shirin Djalalinia & Niloofar Peykari University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Annette J. Dobson Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador Silvana P. Donoso & Angélica M. Ochoa-Avilés Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany Angela Döring, Christa Meisinger, Martina Müller-Nurasyid, Annette Peters, Jutta Stieber & Doris Stöckl Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania Maria Dorobantu & Oana-Florentina Gheorghe-Fronea University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany Nico Dragano National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland Wojciech Drygas, Pawel Kurjata & Aleksandra Piwonska Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA Rosemary B. Duda University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia Vilnis Dzerve & Elena Pahomova Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Gizo, Solomon Islands Ricky Eddie Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran Ebrahim Eftekhar & Azim Nejatizadeh University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden Gabriele Eiben National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunis, Tunisia Jalila El Ati nuzia The University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica Denise Eldemire-Shearer, Trevor S. Ferguson, Damian K. Francis, Kenneth James, Shelly R. McFarlane, Marshall K. Tulloch-Reid, Rainford J. Wilks & Novie O. Younger-Coleman Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain Roberto Elosua & Miquel Porta University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa Rajiv T. Erasmus University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany Raimund Erbel, Karl-Heinz Jöckel, Nils Lehmann, Ulla Roggenbuck & Sara Schramm Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey Cihangir Erem, Irfan Nuhoğlu & Murat Topbas University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Johan G. Eriksson & Jukka T. Salonen Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Saeid Eslami, Maryam Keramati, Reza Mohammadpourhodki & Seyed Rasoul Zakavi Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran Ali Esmaeili & Hamid Hakimi Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, UK Alun Evans & Dermot O’Reilly University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland David Faeh, Felix Gutzwiller & Susi Kriemler Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Elnaz Faramarzi, Saeid Safiri & Mohammad Hossein Somi Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran Mojtaba Farjam & Reza Homayounfar Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Mohammad Reza Fattahi, Fatemeh Malekzadeh, Salar Rahimikazerooni, Abbas Rezaianzadeh & Ali Reza Safarpour Centro de Salud Villanueva Norte, Badajoz, Spain Francisco J. Felix-Redondo Servicio Extremeño de Salud, Badajoz, Spain Daniel Fernández-Bergés Ministry of Health, Buenos Aires, Argentina Daniel Ferrante Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia Leng Huat Foo, Aziz al-Safi Ismail & Wan Mohamad Wan Bebakar Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden Ann-Sofie Forslund, Maria Forsner & Stefan Söderberg Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Maria do Carmo Franco & Maria Wany Strufaldi Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma, Spain Guillermo Frontera Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Japan Yuki Fujita Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Matsuda Fumihiko, Takuro Furusawa & Tabara Yasuharu Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland Zbigniew Gaciong University of Catania, Catania, Italy Fabio Galvano & Giuseppe Grosso CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Alicante, Spain Manoli Garcia-de-la-Hera & Laura Torres-Collado CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain Magda Gasull Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil Andrea Gazzinelli & Gustavo Velasquez-Melendez Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands Johanna M. Geleijnse B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal Anup Ghimire & Sanjib K. Sharma University of Insubria, Varese, Italy Francesco Gianfagna, Giovanni Veronesi University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia Tiffany K. Gill, David A. Gonzalez-Chica, Konrad Jamrozik & Anne Taylor Lund University, Lund, Sweden Aleksander Giwercman & Emily Sonestedt McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada David Goltzman & Suzanne N. Morin Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Marcela Gonzalez-Gross St Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic Juan P. González-Rivas National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico Clicerio González-Villalpando, Eric Monterrubio-Flores, Rosalba Rojas-Martinez, Teresa Shamah-Levy & Salvador Villalpando Centro de Estudios en Diabetes A.C., Mexico City, Mexico María-Elena González-Villalpando Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic Angel R. Gonzalez Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic Dušan Grafnetter & Vera Lanska Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland Tomasz Grodzicki, Grazyna Jasienska, Ilona Nenko, Andrzej Pajak & Roman Topór-Madry University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark Anders Grøntved, Peter Lund Kristensen, Niels C. Møller & Niels Wedderkopp National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China Dongfeng Gu Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore Ong Peng Guan, Charumathi Sabanayagam, Youchan Shin & Rosalynn Siantar Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland Elias F. Gudmundsson, Johanna Gunnlaugsdottir & Örn Olafsson Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia Ramiro Guerrero Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, India Rajeev Gupta National Health Insurance Service, Wonju, Republic of Korea Seongjun Ha, Seung-lyeal Jeong & Yeon-Yong Kim Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Tehran, Iran Farzad Hadaegh The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, Barbados Ian R. Hambleton & Christina Howitt Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran Behrooz Hamzeh & Farid Najafi University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland Sari Hantunen, Jussi Kauhanen, Jaakko Mursu, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Jyrki K. Virtanen & Ari Voutilainen Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan Jun Hata & Toshiharu Ninomiya University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway Teresa Haugsgjerd & Grethe S. Tell Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA Jiang He Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China Yuna He, Xiaoguang Yang & Wenhua Zhao Joep Lange Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Marleen Elisabeth Hendriks Chronic Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran Ramin Heshmat University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Sai Yin Ho & Tai Hing Lam The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Suzanne C. Ho & Jean Woo University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia Michael Hobbs Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Ontario, Canada Wilma M. Hopman Heart Institute, São Paulo, Brazil Andrea R. V. R. Horimoto & Alexandre C. Pereira Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia Claudia M. Hormiga & Johanna A. Otero University Oran 1, Oran, Algeria Leila Houti & Sounnia Mediene-Benchekor Independent Public Health Specialist, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar Thein Thein Htay Ministry of Health and Sports, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar Aung Soe Htet, Maung Maung Than Htike & Aye Aye Sein CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Murcia, Spain José María Huerta & Diego Salmerón VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Martijn Huisman & Natasja M. Van Schoor International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France Inge Huybrechts American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon Nahla Hwalla & Abla M. Sibai Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt Mohsen M. Ibrahim University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain Iris Iglesia, Luis A. Moreno & Alba M. Santaliestra-Pasías National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan Nayu Ikeda Medical University Varna, Varna, Bulgaria Violeta Iotova The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Takafumi Ishida The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Muhammad Islam Niigata University, Niigata, Japan Masanori Iwasaki & Akihiro Yoshihara Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel Jeremy M. Jacobs & Jochanan Stessman Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway Imre Janszky, Steiner Krokstad, Lars E. Laugsand & Lars Vatten University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Edward Janus University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia Ana Jelakovic, Jelena Kos & Tajana Zeljkovic Vrkic University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia Bojan Jelakovic Heart Foundation, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Garry Jennings & Bill Stavreski Guangzhou 12th Hospital, Guangzhou, China Chao Qiang Jiang Universidad Eugenio Maria de Hostos, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic Ramon O. Jimenez Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada Michel Joffres Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany Jost B. Jonas & Songhomitra Panda-Jonas World Health Organization Country Office, Delhi, India Pradeep Joshi Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran Farahnaz Joukar & Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei University of Opole, Opole, Poland Jacek Józwiak University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece Anthony Kafatos Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Nor Azmi Kamaruddin & Norlaila Mustafa Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Kathmandu, Nepal Khem B. Karki Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA Joanne Katz & Moyses Szklo National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India Prabhdeep Kaur & Sudha Ramachandra Rao University of Münster, Münster, Germany Ulrich Keil Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan, Iran Roya Kelishadi Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan Alina Kerimkulova & Erkin Mirrakhimov Research Institute of Child Nutrition, Dortmund, Germany Mathilde Kersting Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Motahareh Kheradmand & Mahmood Moosazadeh Hypertension Research Center, Isfahan, Iran Alireza Khosravi Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria Ursula Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, Stefan Kiechl, Michael Knoflach, Hanno Ulmer, Johann Willeit & Peter Willeit Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Japhet Killewo Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea Hyeon Chang Kim National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Republic of Korea Jeongseon Kim & Jeonghee Lee University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Hans-Peter Kohler & Iliana V. Kohler University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Jürgen König & Petra Rust Oulu Deaconess Institute Foundation, Oulu, Finland Raija Korpelainen & Soile E. Puhakka Tartu University Clinics, Tartu, Estonia Paul Korrovits & Margus Punab Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan Katsuyasu Kouda Ministry of Health and Quality of Life, Port Louis, Mauritius Sudhir Kowlessur University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany Wolfgang Kratzer University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Daan Kromhout University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland Urho M. Kujala African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya Catherine Kyobutungi Higher Institute of Health Sciences of Settat, Settat, Morocco Fatima Zahra Laamiri Ministry of Health, Algiers, Algeria Youcef Laid Harokopio University, Athens, Greece Christina-Paulina Lambrinou, Yannis Manios & Christina Mavrogianni Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden Georg Lappas Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran, Iran Bagher Larijani University of Public Health, Yangon, Myanmar Tint Swe Latt & Ko Ko Zaw National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Jeannette Lee, Wei-Yen Lim, Ei Ei K. Nang, E. Shyong Tai & Rob M. van Dam Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland Terho Lehtimäki Tampere University, Tampere, Finland Terho Lehtimäki University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa Naomi S. Levitt West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA Christa L. Lilly & William A. Neal Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rene Rachou Research Institute, Belo Horizonte, Brazil M. Fernanda Lima-Costa & Sergio Viana Peixoto National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Hsien-Ho Lin University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China Xu Lin & Xingwang Ye Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden Yi-Ting Lin, Lars Lind & Johan Sundström National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia Helle-Mai Loit & Toomas Veidebaum Universidad San Martín de Porres, Lima, Peru Tania Lopez & Luis Revilla Consejería de Sanidad Junta de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain José Eugenio Lozano & Tomas Vega Norrbotten County Council, Luleå, Sweden Robert Lundqvist Peking University, Beijing, China Guansheng Ma Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil George L. L. Machado-Coelho University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal Aristides M. Machado-Rodrigues The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Suka Machi Institute of Neuroscience of the National Research Council, Padua, Italy Stefania Maggi & Marianna Noale Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Dianna J. Magliano & Jonathan E. Shaw Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece Emmanuella Magriplis & Antonis Zampelas French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development, Montpellier, France Bernard Maire & Pierre Traissac Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil Marcia Makdisse University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand Jim I. Mann, Rachael M. McLean, Jody C. Miller & Winsome R. Parnell University of Padua, Padua, Italy Enzo Manzato & Sabina Zambon Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland Pedro Marques-Vidal, Jardena J. Puder & Peter Vollenweider Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA Reynaldo Martorell & Aryeh D. Stein Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava, Brazil Luis P. Mascarenhas UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway Ellisiv B. Mathiesen & Tom Wilsgaard Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa Tandi E. Matsha Brown University, Providence, RI, USA Stephen T. McGarvey University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Stela McLachlan & Jacqueline F. Price University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland Breige A. McNulty Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Amir Houshang Mehrparvar & Mohammad Reza Mirjalili Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Lille, France Aline Meirhaeghe ICMR–National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India Geetha R. Menon Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal Cláudia S. Minderico Women’s Social and Health Studies Foundation, Trivandrum, India G. K. Mini Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy Pietro A. Modesti Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt Mostafa K. Mohamed & Aya Mostafa Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan, Iran Noushin Mohammadifard University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France Marie Moitry & Aline Wagner Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France Marie Moitry University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary Dénes Molnár Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda Charles K. Mondo University of Medical Sciences of Cienfuegos, Cienfuegos, Cuba Alain Morejon Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin, Dublin, Ireland Karen Morgan La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia George Moschonis International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland Malgorzata Mossakowska & Przemyslaw Slusarczyk Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama City, Panama Jorge Motta & Julio Zuñiga Cisneros World Health Organization Country Office, Lilongwe, Malawi Kelias P. Msyamboza University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy Maria L. Muiesan & Massimo Salvetti Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran Iraj Nabipour Ulm University, Ulm, Germany Gabriele Nagel Kobe University, Kobe, Japan Harunobu Nakamura Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India Vinay B. Nangia University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany Matthias Nauck, Astrid Petersmann, Adrian Richter, Sabine Schipf & Carsten O. Schmidt University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Nguyen D. Nguyen & Oanh T. H. Trinh Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam Quang Ngoc Nguyen Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA Ramfis E. Nieto-Martínez University of Turku, Turku, Finland Teemu J. Niiranen & Olli Raitakari Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network, Amman, Jordan Mohannad Al Nsour University of Manchester, Manchester, UK Terence W. O’Neill & Frederick C. Wu Japan Wildlife Research Center, Tokyo, Japan Ryutaro Ohtsuka Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey Altan Onat Ministry of Health, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Sok King Ong & Khairil Si-Ramlee University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal Rui Ornelas MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Southampton, UK Clive Osmond University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia Sergej M. Ostojic Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana Ellis Owusu-Dabo Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Fred Michel Paccaud IRCCS Ente Ospedaliero Specializzato in Gastroenterologia S. de Bellis, Bari, Italy Francesco Panza Jivandeep Hospital, Anand, India Nikhil D. Patel South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa Nasheeta Peer Vietnam National Heart Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam Son Thai Pham Clínica de Medicina Avanzada Dr. Abel González, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic Rafael N. Pichardo Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany Iris Pigeot & Hermann Pohlabeln University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Aida Pilav Cardiovascular Prevention Centre, Udine, Italy Lorenza Pilotto & Diego Vanuzzo Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain Pedro Plans-Rubió Observatorio de Salud Pública de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia Silvia Plata Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran Farhad Pourfarzi Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran Mostafa Qorbani Ministry of Health, Hanoi, Vietnam Tran Quoc Bao India Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India Ambady Ramachandran & Mary Simon Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol, Girona, Spain Rafel Ramos Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia Lekhraj Rampal University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Sanjay Rampal University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain Josep Redon University of the Philippines, Manila, The Philippines Paul Ferdinand M. Reganit & Rody G. Sy Minas Gerais State Secretariat for Health, Belo Horizonte, Brazil Robespierre Ribeiro CS S. Agustín Ibsalut, Palma, Spain Fernando Rigo Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Tobias F. Rinke de Wit Canarian Health Service, Tenerife, Spain María del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia Laura A. Rodríguez-Villamizar Associazione Calabrese di Epatologia, Reggio Calabria, Italy Elisabetta L. Romeo Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden Annika Rosengren Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France Jean-Bernard Ruidavets Institute of Food Sciences of the National Research Council, Avellino, Italy Paola Russo & Alfonso Siani Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science and Research, New Delhi, India Harshpal S. Sachdev Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia Olfa Saidi National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru Jose Sánchez-Abanto & Carolina B. Tarqui-Mamani Catalan Department of Health, Barcelona, Spain Susana Sans Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal Diana A. Santos & Luis B. Sardinha South Karelia Social and Health Care District, Lappeenranta, Finland Jouko L. Saramies Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan, Iran Nizal Sarrafzadegan National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan Norie Sawada & Shoichiro Tsugane University of São Paulo Clinics Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil Marcia Scazufca Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina Herman Schargrodsky Center for Oral Health Services and Research Mid-Norway, Trondheim, Norway Abhijit Sen King’s College London, London, UK Kenji Shibuya National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Hana Shimizu-Furusawa Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea Dong Wook Shin Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland Rahman Shiri St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Judith Simons University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Leon A. Simons & Mark Woodward Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Michael Sjöström & Peter Ueda Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup, Denmark Tea Skaaby London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK Liam Smeeth Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia Agustinus Soemantri University of Bari, Bari, Italy Vincenzo Solfrizzi University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Thorkild I. A. Sørensen Institut Régional de Santé Publique, Ouidah, Benin Charles Sossa Jérome University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France Aïcha Soumaré & Christophe Tzourio Izmir Katip Çelebi University, Izmir, Turkey Kaan Sozmen University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Jan A. Staessen, Lutgarde Thijs & Zhen-Yu Zhang Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nancy, France Maria G. Stathopoulou & Sophie Visvikis-Siest Bonn University, Bonn, Germany Peter Stehle Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia Ranko Stevanović National Institute of Public Health–National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland Jakub Stokwiszewski & Bogdan Wojtyniak National Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology, Havana, Cuba Ramón Suárez-Medina, Patricia Varona-Pérez & Silvia J. Venero-Fernández Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan Chien-An Sun & San-Lin You National Statistic Office of Cabo Verde, Praia, Cabo Verde René Charles Sylva Ministry of Health, Amman, Jordan Mohammed Rasoul Tarawneh Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India K. R. Thankappan Health Service of Murcia, Murcia, Spain María José Tormo Institut d’Investigacio Sanitaria Illes Balears, Menorca, Spain Maties Torrent Universidad Centro-Occidental Lisandro Alvarado, Barquisimeto, Venezuela Eunice Ugel Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey Belgin Unal University of Tampere Tays Eye Center, Tampere, Finland Hannu M. T. Uusitalo Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA Damaskini Valvi Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands Yvonne T. van der Schouw Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam Hoang Van Minh University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands Lenie van Rossem Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia Dhanasari Vidiawati & Indah S. Widyahening Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante, Alicante, Spain Jesus Vioque North Karelian Center for Public Health, Joensuu, Finland Tiina Vlasoff University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Alisha N. Wade Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland Janette Walton Wan Nazaimoon Wan Mohamud Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Ming-Dong Wang Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Ningli Wang Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing, China Liang Xu Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing, China/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China Qian Wang Capital Medical University, Beijing, China Ya Xing Wang & Wenbin Wei St George’s, University of London, London, UK Peter H. Whincup Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Kurt Widhalm University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Mark Woodward Institute of Food and Nutrition Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China Haiquan Xu Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China Weili Yan Penang Medical College, Penang, Malaysia Toh Peng Yeow University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus Panayiotis K. Yiallouros Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Farhad Zamani Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China Shiqi Zhen Yingfeng Zheng Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Bekbolat Zholdin West Kazakhstan State Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan/NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Majid Ezzati University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana/NCD Risk Factor CollaborationHigh blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries1,2. However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world3 and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health4,5. However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol—which is a marker of cardiovascular risk—changed from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million–4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.