Anu Mishra1,776, Bin Zhou1,776, Andrea Rodriguez-Martinez1,776, Honor Bixby2,3,776, Rosie K. Singleton1, Rodrigo M. Carrillo-Larco1, Kate E. Sheffer1, Christopher J. Paciorek4, James E. Bennett1, Victor Lhoste1, Maria L. C. Iurilli1, Mariachiara Di Cesare3, James Bentham5, Nowell H. Phelps1, Marisa K. Sophiea1, Gretchen A. Stevens6, Goodarz Danaei7, Melanie J. Cowan6, Stefan Savin6, Leanne M. Riley6, Edward W. Gregg1, Wichai Aekplakorn8, Noor Ani Ahmad9, Jennifer L. Baker10, Adela Chirita-Emandi11, Farshad Farzadfar12, Gunther Fink13,14, Mirjam Heinen15, Nayu Ikeda16, Andre P. Kengne17, Young-Ho Khang18, Tiina Laatikainen19,20, Avula Laxmaiah21, Jun Ma22, Michele Monroy-Valle23, Malay K. Mridha24, Cristina P. Padez25, Andrew Reynolds26, Maroje Sorić27,28, Gregor Starc28, James P. Wirth29, Leandra Abarca-Gomez30, Ziad A. Abdeen31, Shynar Abdrakhmanova32, Suhaila Abdul Ghaffar9, Hanan F. Abdul Rahim33, Zulfiya Abdurrahmonova34, Niveen M. Abu-Rmeileh35, Jamila Abubakar Garba36, Benjamin Acosta-Cazares37, Ishag Adam38, Marzena Adamczyk39, Robert J. Adams40, Seth Adu-Afarwuah41, Kaosar Afsana24, Shoaib Afzal42,43, Valirie N. Agbor44, Imelda A. Agdeppa45, Javad Aghazadeh-Attari46, Hassan Aguenaou47, Carlos A. Aguilar-Salinas48, Charles Agyemang49, Mohamad Hasnan Ahmad9, Ali Ahmadi50, Naser Ahmadi12, Nastaran Ahmadi51, Imran Ahmed52, Soheir H. Ahmed53, Wolfgang Ahrens54, Gulmira Aitmurzaeva55, Kamel Ajlouni56, Hazzaa M. Al-Hazzaa57, Badreya Al-Lahou58, Rajaa Al-Raddadi59, Huda M. Al Hourani60, Nawal M. Al Qaoud61, Monira Alarouj62, Fadia AlBuhairan63, Shahla AlDhukair64, Maryam A. Aldwairji61, Sylvia Alexius65, Mohamed M. Ali6, Abdullah Alkandari62, Ala’a Alkerwi66, Buthaina M. Alkhatib60, Kristine Allin10, Mar Alvarez-Pedrerol67, Eman Aly68, Deepak N. Amarapurkar69, Pilar Amiano Etxezarreta70, John Amoah71, Norbert Amougou72, Philippe Amouyel73,74, Lars Bo Andersen75, Sigmund A. Anderssen76, Odysseas Androutsos77, Lars Angquist42, Ranjit Mohan Anjana78, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam79, Elena Anufrieva80, Hajer Aounallah-Skhiri81, Joana Araujo82, Inger Ariansen83, Tahir Aris9, Raphael E. Arku84, Nimmathota Arlappa21, Krishna K. Aryal85, Nega Aseffa86, Thor Aspelund87, Felix K. Assah88, Batyrbek Assembekov89, Maria Cecilia F. Assuncao90, May Soe Aung91, Juha Auvinen92,93, Maria Avdičova94, Shina Avi95,96, Ana Azevedo97, Mohsen Azimi-Nezhad98, Fereidoun Azizi99, Mehrdad Azmin12, Bontha V. Babu100, Maja Baksgaard Jorgensen101, Azli Baharudin9, Suhad Bahijri59, Marta Bakacs102, Nagalla Balakrishna21, Yulia Balanova103, Mohamed Bamoshmoosh104, Maciej Banach105, Jose R. Banegas106, Joanna Baran107, Rafał Baran107, Carlo M. Barbagallo108, Valter Barbosa Filho109, Alberto Barcelo110, Maja Baretić111, Amina Barkat112, Joaquin Barnoya113, Lena Barrera114, Marta Barreto115,116, Aluisio J. D. Barros90, Mauro Virgilio Gomes Barros117, Anna Bartosiewicz107, Abdul Basit118, Joao Luiz D. Bastos119, Iqbal Bata120, Anwar M. Batieha121, Aline P. Batista122, Rosangela L. Batista123, Zhamilya Battakova32, Louise A. Baur124, Pascal M. Bayauli125, Robert Beaglehole126, Silvia Bel-Serrat127, Antonisamy Belavendra128, Habiba Ben Romdhane129, Judith Benedics130, Mikhail Benet131, Gilda Estela Benitez Rolandi132, Elling Bere133, Ingunn Holden Bergh83, Yemane Berhane134, Salim Berkinbayev135, Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz136, Gailute Bernotiene137, Ximena Berrios Carrasola138, Heloisa Bettiol139, Manfred E. Beutel140, Augustin F. Beybey88, Jorge Bezerra117, Aroor Bhagyalaxmi141, Sumit Bharadwaj142, Santosh K. Bhargava143, Hongsheng Bi144, Yufang Bi145, Daniel Bia146, Katia Biasch147, Elysee Claude Bika Lele148, Mukharram M. Bikbov149, Bihungum Bista150, Dusko J. Bjelica151, Anne A. Bjerregaard10, Peter Bjerregaard152, Espen Bjertness53, Marius B. Bjertness53, Cecilia Bjorkelund153, Katia V. Bloch154, Anneke Blokstra155, Moran Blychfeld Magnazu156,157, Simona Bo158, Martin Bobak159, Lynne M. Boddy160, Bernhard O. Boehm161, Jolanda M. A. Boer155, Jose G. Boggia146, Elena Bogova162, Carlos P. Boissonnet163, Stig E. Bojesen43,42, Marialaura Bonaccio164, Vanina Bongard165, Alice Bonilla-Vargas30, Matthias Bopp166, Herman Borghs167, Pascal Bovet168,169, Khadichamo Boymatova170, Lien Braeckevelt171, Lutgart Braeckman172, Marjolijn C. E. Bragt173, Imperia Brajkovich174, Francesco Branca6, Juergen Breckenkamp175, Joao Breda176, Hermann Brenner177, Lizzy M. Brewster49, Garry R. Brian178, Yajaira Briceno179, Lacramioara Brinduse180, Miguel Brito181, Sinead Brophy182, Johannes Brug155, Graziella Bruno158, Anna Bugge183, Frank Buntinx167, Marta Buoncristiano15, Genc Burazeri184, Con Burns185, Antonio Cabrera de Leon186, Joseph Cacciottolo187, Hui Cai188, Roberta B. Caixeta189, Tilema Cama190, Christine Cameron191, Jose Camolas192, Gunay Can193, Ana Paula C. Candido194, Felicia Canete132, Mario V. Capanzana45, Naděžda Čapkova195, Eduardo Capuano196, Rocco Capuano196, Vincenzo Capuano196, Marloes Cardol197, Viviane C. Cardoso139, Axel C. Carlsson198, Esteban Carmuega199, Joana Carvalho200, Jose A. Casajus201, Felipe F. Casanueva202, Maribel Casas67, Ertugrul Celikcan203, Laura Censi204, Marvin Cervantes‐Loaiza30, Juraci A. Cesar205, Snehalatha Chamukuttan206, Angelique Chan207, Queenie Chan1, Himanshu K. Chaturvedi208, Nish Chaturvedi159, Norsyamlina Che Abdul Rahim9, Miao Li Chee209, Chien-Jen Chen210, Fangfang Chen211, Huashuai Chen212, Shuohua Chen213, Zhengming Chen44, Ching-Yu Cheng214, Yiling J. Cheng215, Bahman Cheraghian216, Angela Chetrit217, Ekaterina Chikova-Iscener218, Mai J. M. Chinapaw219, Anne Chinnock220, Arnaud Chiolero221, Shu-Ti Chiou222, Maria-Dolores Chirlaque223, Belong Cho224, Kaare Christensen225, Diego G. Christofaro226, Jerzy Chudek227, Renata Cifkova228,229, Michelle Cilia230, Eliza Cinteza180, Massimo Cirillo231, Frank Claessens167, Janine Clarke232, Els Clays172, Emmanuel Cohen72, Laura-Maria Compan-Gabucio233, Hans Concin234, Susana C. Confortin123, Cyrus Cooper235, Tara C. Coppinger185, Eva Corpeleijn197, Lilia Yadira Cortes236, Simona Costanzo164, Dominique Cottel237, Chris Cowell124, Cora L. Craig191, Amelia C. Crampin238, Amanda J. Cross1, Ana B. Crujeiras239, Juan J. Cruz106, Tamas Csanyi240, Semanova Csilla241, Alexandra M. Cucu242,243, Liufu Cui213, Felipe V. Cureau244, Sarah Cuschieri187, Ewelina Czenczek-Lewandowska107, Graziella D’Arrigo245, Eleonora d’Orsi119, Liliana Dacica246, Jean Dallongeville237, Albertino Damasceno247, Camilla T. Damsgaard42, Rachel Dankner217, Thomas M. Dantoft10, Parasmani Dasgupta248, Saeed Dastgiri249, Luc Dauchet73,74, Kairat Davletov89, Maria Alice Altenburg de Assis119, Guy De Backer172, Dirk De Bacquer172, Amalia De Curtis164, Patricia de Fragas Hinnig119, Giovanni de Gaetano164, Stefaan De Henauw172, Pilar De Miguel-Etayo239,201, Paula Duarte de Oliveira90, David De Ridder250, Karin De Ridder251, Susanne R. de Rooij252,49, Delphine De Smedt172, Mohan Deepa78, Alexander D. Deev253, Vincent DeGennaro Jr254, Helene Delisle255, Francis Delpeuch256, Stefaan Demarest251, Elaine Dennison235, Katarzyna Dereń107, Valerie Deschamps257, Meghnath Dhimal150, Augusto Di Castelnuovo258, Juvenal Soares Dias-da-Costa259, Maria Elena Diaz-Sanchez260, Alejandro Diaz261, Pedro Diaz Fernandez262, Maria Pilar Diez Ripolles263, Zivka Dika27, Shirin Djalalinia264, Visnja Djordjic265, Ha T. P. Do266, Annette J. Dobson267, Liria Dominguez268, Maria Benedetta Donati164, Chiara Donfrancesco269, Guanghui Dong270, Yanhui Dong22, Silvana P. Donoso271, Angela Doring272, Maria Dorobantu180, Ahmad Reza Dorosty273, Kouamelan Doua274, Nico Dragano275, Wojciech Drygas276,105, Jia Li Duan277, Charmaine A. Duante45, Priscilla Duboz278, Vesselka L. Duleva218, Virginija Dulskiene137, Samuel C. Dumith205, Anar Dushpanova279,280, Azhar Dyussupova281, Vilnis Dzerve282, Elzbieta Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk105, Guadalupe Echeverria138, Ricky Eddie283, Ebrahim Eftekhar284, Eruke E. Egbagbe285, Robert Eggertsen153, Sareh Eghtesad273, Gabriele Eiben286, Ulf Ekelund76, Mohammad El-Khateeb56, Laila El Ammari287, Jalila El Ati288, Denise Eldemire-Shearer289, Marie Eliasen10, Paul Elliott1, Ronit Endevelt156,290, Reina Engle-Stone291, Rajiv T. Erasmus292, Raimund Erbel293, Cihangir Erem294, Gul Ergor295, Louise Eriksen152, Johan G. Eriksson296, Jorge Escobedo-de la Pena37, Saeid Eslami297, Ali Esmaeili298, Alun Evans299, David Faeh166, Ildar Fakhradiyev135, Albina A. Fakhretdinova149, Caroline H. Fall235, Elnaz Faramarzi300, Mojtaba Farjam301, Victoria Farrugia Sant’Angelo230, Mohammad Reza Fattahi302, Asher Fawwad303, Wafaie W. Fawzi7, Edit Feigl102, Francisco J. Felix-Redondo304, Trevor S. Ferguson289, Romulo A. Fernandes226, Daniel Fernandez-Berges305, Daniel Ferrante306, Thomas Ferrao232, Gerson Ferrari307, Marika Ferrari204, Marco M. Ferrario308, Catterina Ferreccio138, Haroldo S. Ferreira309, Eldridge Ferrer45, Jean Ferrieres165, Thamara Hubler Figueiro119, Anna Fijalkowska310, Mauro Fisberg311, Krista Fischer312, Leng Huat Foo313, Maria Forsner314, Heba M. Fouad68, Damian K. Francis289, Maria do Carmo Franco315, Zlatko Fras316, Guillermo Frontera317, Flavio D. Fuchs318, Sandra C. Fuchs319, Isti I. Fujiati320, Yuki Fujita321, Matsuda Fumihiko322, Viktoriya Furdela323, Takuro Furusawa322, Zbigniew Gaciong324, Mihai Gafencu11, Manuel Galan Cuesta325, Andrzej Galbarczyk326, Henrike Galenkamp49, Daniela Galeone327, Myriam Galfo204, Fabio Galvano328, Jingli Gao213, Pei Gao22, Manoli Garcia-de-la-Hera223, Maria Jose Garcia Merida262, Marta Garcia Solano329, Dickman Gareta330, Sarah P. Garnett124, Jean-Michel Gaspoz331, Magda Gasull223, Adroaldo Cesar Araujo Gaya319, Anelise Reis Gaya319, Andrea Gazzinelli332, Ulrike Gehring333, Harald Geiger234, Johanna M. Geleijnse334, Ronnie George335, Ebrahim Ghaderi336, Ali Ghanbari12, Erfan Ghasemi12, Oana-Florentina Gheorghe-Fronea180, Alessandro Gialluisi308, Simona Giampaoli269, Francesco Gianfagna308,258, Christian Gieger272, Tiffany K. Gill337, Jonathan Giovannelli73,74, Glen Gironella45, Aleksander Giwercman338, Konstantinos Gkiouras339, Natalya Glushkova280,89, Natalja Gluškova340, Ramesh Godara341, Justyna Godos328, Sibel Gogen203, Marcel Goldberg342,343, David Goltzman2, Georgina Gomez220, Jesus Humberto Gomez Gomez344, Luis F. Gomez236, Santiago F. Gomez345,346, Aleksandra Gomula347, Bruna Goncalves Cordeiro da Silva90, Helen Goncalves90, Mauer Goncalves348, Ana D. Gonzalez-Alvarez349, David A. Gonzalez-Chica337, Esther M. Gonzalez-Gil201, Marcela Gonzalez-Gross350, Margot Gonzalez-Leon37, Juan P. Gonzalez-Rivas351, Clicerio Gonzalez-Villalpando352, Maria-Elena Gonzalez-Villalpando353, Angel R. Gonzalez354, Frederic Gottrand73, Antonio Pedro Graca355, Sidsel Graff-Iversen83, Dušan Grafnetter356, Aneta Grajda357, Maria G. Grammatikopoulou358, Ronald D. Gregor120, Maria Joao Gregorio355, Else Karin Groholt83, Anders Grontved225, Giuseppe Grosso328, Gabriella Gruden158, Dongfeng Gu359, Viviana Guajardo360, Emanuela Gualdi-Russo361, Pilar Guallar-Castillon106, Andrea Gualtieri362, Elias F. Gudmundsson363, Vilmundur Gudnason87, Ramiro Guerrero364, Idris Guessous250, Andre L. Guimaraes365, Martin C. Gulliford366, Johanna Gunnlaugsdottir363, Marc J. Gunter367, Xiu-Hua Guo368, Yin Guo369, Prakash C. Gupta370, Rajeev Gupta371, Oye Gureje372, Enrique Gutierrez Gonzalez329, Laura Gutierrez373, Felix Gutzwiller166, Xinyi Gwee214, Seongjun Ha374, Farzad Hadaegh375, Charalambos A. Hadjigeorgiou376, Rosa Haghshenas12, Hamid Hakimi298, Jytte Halkjar377, Ian R. Hambleton378, Behrooz Hamzeh379, Willem A. Hanekom380, Dominique Hange153, Abu A. M. Hanif24, Sari Hantunen19, Jie Hao369, Carla Meneses Hardman381, Rachakulla Hari Kumar21, Tina Harmer Lassen101, Javad Harooni382, Seyed Mohammad Hashemi-Shahri79, Maria Hassapidou383, Jun Hata384, Teresa Haugsgjerd385, Alison J. Hayes124, Jiang He386, Yuan He387, Yuna He388, Regina Heidinger-Felső389, Margit Heier272, Tatjana Hejgaard390, Marleen Elisabeth Hendriks391, Rafael dos Santos Henrique381, Ana Henriques82, Leticia Hernandez Cadena352, Sauli Herrala92, Marianella Herrera-Cuenca174, Victor M. Herrera392, Isabelle Herter-Aeberli393, Karl-Heinz Herzig93,92, Ramin Heshmat394, Allan G. Hill235, Sai Yin Ho395, Suzanne C. Ho396, Michael Hobbs397, Doroteia A. Hofelmann398, Michelle Holdsworth256, Reza Homayounfar399, Clara Homs400,401, Wilma M. Hopman402, Andrea R. V. R. Horimoto139, Claudia M. Hormiga403, Bernardo L. Horta90, Leila Houti404, Christina Howitt378, Thein Thein Htay405, Aung Soe Htet53, Maung Maung Than Htike406, Yonghua Hu22, Jose Maria Huerta223, Ilpo Tapani Huhtaniemi1, Laetitia Huiart407, Constanta Huidumac Petrescu242, Martijn Huisman408, Abdullatif Husseini35, Chinh Nguyen Huu266, Inge Huybrechts367, Nahla Hwalla409, Jolanda Hyska184, Licia Iacoviello164,308, Ellina M. Iakupova149, Jesus M. Ibarluzea223, Mohsen M. Ibrahim410, Norazizah Ibrahim Wong9, M. Arfan Ikram411, Carmen Iniguez412, Violeta Iotova413, Vilma E. Irazola373, Takafumi Ishida414, Godsent C. Isiguzo415, Muhammad Islam416, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam417, Duygu Islek418, Ivaila Y. Ivanova-Pandourska419, Masanori Iwasaki420, Tuija Jaaskelainen20, Rod T. Jackson126, Jeremy M. Jacobs421, Michel Jadoul422, Tazeen Jafar207, Bakary Jallow423, Kenneth James289, Kazi M. Jamil424, Konrad Jamrozik337,777, Anna Jansson425, Imre Janszky426, Edward Janus427, Juel Jarani428, Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin1,93, Grazyna Jasienska326, Ana Jelaković111, Bojan Jelaković27, Garry Jennings429, Chao Qiang Jiang430, Ramon O. Jimenez431, Karl-Heinz Jockel293, Michel Joffres432, Jari J. Jokelainen92, Jost B. Jonas433, Jitendra Jonnagaddala434, Torben Jorgensen10, Pradeep Joshi435, Josipa Josipović111, Farahnaz Joukar436, Jacek J. Joźwiak437, Debra S. Judge397, Anne Juolevi20, Gregor Jurak28, Iulia Jurca Simina11, Vesna Juresa27, Rudolf Kaaks177, Felix O. Kaducu438, Anthony Kafatos439, Monika Kaj440, Eero O. Kajantie20, Natia Kakutia441, Daniela Kallayova442, Zhanna Kalmatayeva280, Ofra Kalter-Leibovici217, Yves Kameli256, Freja B. Kampmann10, Kodanda R. Kanala443, Srinivasan Kannan444, Efthymios Kapantais445, Eva Karaglani446, Argyro Karakosta447, Line L. Karhus10, Khem B. Karki448, Philippe B. Katchunga449, Marzieh Katibeh450, Joanne Katz451, Peter T. Katzmarzyk452, Jussi Kauhanen19, Prabhdeep Kaur453, Maryam Kavousi411, Gyulli M. Kazakbaeva149, Francois F. Kaze88, Calvin Ke454, Ulrich Keil455, Lital Keinan Boker456, Sirkka Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi92, Roya Kelishadi457, Cecily Kelleher127, Han C. G. Kemper219, Maryam Keramati297, Alina Kerimkulova458, Mathilde Kersting459, Timothy Key44, Yousef Saleh Khader121, Arsalan Khaledifar460, Davood Khalili399, Kay-Tee Khaw461, Bahareh Kheiri399, Motahareh Kheradmand462, Alireza Khosravi463, Ilse M. S. L. Khouw173, Ursula Kiechl-Kohlendorfer464, Sophia J. Kiechl465, Stefan Kiechl464,465, Japhet Killewo466, Hyeon Chang Kim467, Jeongseon Kim468, Jenny M. Kindblom153,469, Andrew Kingston470, Heidi Klakk471, Magdalena Klimek326, Jeannette Klimont472, Jurate Klumbiene137, Michael Knoflach464, Bhawesh Koirala473, Elin Kolle76, Patrick Kolsteren172, Jurgen Konig474, Raija Korpelainen93, Paul Korrovits475, Magdalena Korzycka310, Jelena Kos111, Seppo Koskinen20, Katsuyasu Kouda476, Eva Kovacs477, Viktoria Anna Kovacs440, Irina Kovalskys478, Sudhir Kowlessur479, Slawomir Koziel347, Jana Kratenova195, Wolfgang Kratzer480, Vilma Kriaucioniene137, Susi Kriemler166, Peter Lund Kristensen225, Helena Krizan481, Maria F. Kroker-Lobos482, Steinar Krokstad426, Daan Kromhout197, Herculina S. Kruger483,484, Ruan Kruger483,484, Łukasz Kryst485, Ruzena Kubinova195, Renata Kuciene137, Urho M. Kujala486, Enisa Kujundzic487, Zbigniew Kulaga357, Mukhtar Kulimbet280,89, R. Krishna Kumar488, Marie Kunešova489, Pawel Kurjata276, Yadlapalli S. Kusuma490, Vladimir Kutsenko103, Kari Kuulasmaa20, Catherine Kyobutungi491, Quang Ngoc La492, Fatima Zahra Laamiri493, Carl Lachat172, Karl J. Lackner140, Youcef Laid494, Lachmie Lall495, Tai Hing Lam395, Maritza Landaeta Jimenez174, Edwige Landais256, Vera Lanska356, Georg Lappas496, Bagher Larijani497, Simo Pone Larissa498, Tint Swe Latt499, Martino Laurenzi500, Laura Lauria269, Maria Lazo-Porras136, Gwenaelle Le Coroller66, Khanh Le Nguyen Bao266, Agnes Le Port256, Tuyen D. Le266, Jeannette Lee214,501, Jeonghee Lee468, Paul H. Lee502, Nils Lehmann293, Terho Lehtimaki503,504, Daniel Lemogoum505, Branimir Leskošek28, Justyna Leszczak107, Katja B. Leth-Moller10, Gabriel M. Leung395, Naomi S. Levitt506, Yanping Li7, Merike Liivak340, Christa L. Lilly507, Charlie Lim214,501, Wei-Yen Lim214,501, M. Fernanda Lima-Costa508, Hsien-Ho Lin222, Xu Lin509, Yi-Ting Lin510, Lars Lind510, Vijaya Lingam335, Birgit Linkohr272, Allan Linneberg10, Lauren Lissner153, Mieczyslaw Litwin357, Jing Liu511, Lijuan Liu369, Wei-Cheng Lo512, Helle-Mai Loit340, Khuong Quynh Long492, Guadalupe Longo Abril513, Luis Lopes200, Marcus V. V. Lopes119, Oscar Lopes514, Esther Lopez-Garcia106, Tania Lopez515, Paulo A. Lotufo139, Jose Eugenio Lozano516, Janice L. Lukrafka517, Dalia Luksiene137, Annamari Lundqvist20, Nuno Lunet200, Charles Lunogelo518, Michala Lustigova228,195, Edyta Łuszczki107, Jean-Rene M’Buyamba-Kabangu519, Guansheng Ma22, Xu Ma387, George L. L. Machado-Coelho122, Aristides M. Machado-Rodrigues25, Enguerran Macia278, Luisa M. Macieira520, Ahmed A. Madar53, Anja L. Madsen10, Gladys E. Maestre521, Stefania Maggi522, Dianna J. Magliano523, Sara Magnacca258, Emmanuella Magriplis524, Gowri Mahasampath128, Bernard Maire256, Marjeta Majer27, Marcia Makdisse525, Paivi Maki20, Fatemeh Malekzadeh273, Reza Malekzadeh302,273, Rahul Malhotra207, Kodavanti Mallikharjuna Rao21, Sofia K. Malyutina526, Lynell V. Maniego45, Yannis Manios446, Masimango Imani Manix527, Jim I. Mann26, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei436, Taru Manyanga528, Enzo Manzato529, Anie Marcil232, Paula Margozzini138, Joany Marino530, Anastasia Markaki531, Oonagh Markey532, Eliza Markidou Ioannidou533, Pedro Marques-Vidal534,535, Larissa Pruner Marques536, Jaume Marrugat537,538, Yves Martin-Prevel256, Rosemarie Martin539, Reynaldo Martorell418, Eva Martos540, Katharina Maruszczak541, Stefano Marventano328, Giovanna Masala542, Luis P. Mascarenhas543, Shariq R. Masoodi544, Ellisiv B. Mathiesen545, Prashant Mathur546, Alicia Matijasevich139, Piotr Matłosz107, Tandi E. Matsha547, Victor Matsudo548, Christina Mavrogianni446, Artur Mazur107, Jean Claude N. Mbanya88, Shelly R. McFarlane289, Stephen T. McGarvey549, Martin McKee550, Stela McLachlan551, Rachael M. McLean26, Scott B. McLean232, Margaret L. McNairy552, Breige A. McNulty127, Sounnia Mediene Benchekor404, Jurate Medzioniene137, Parinaz Mehdipour12, Kirsten Mehlig153, Amir Houshang Mehrparvar51, Aline Meirhaeghe553, Jorgen Meisfjord83, Christa Meisinger272, Jesus D. Melgarejo167, Marina Melkumova554, Joao Mello319, Fabian Mendez114, Carlos O. Mendivil555, Ana Maria B. Menezes90, Geetha R. Menon208, Gert B. M. Mensink556, Maria Teresa Menzano327, Indrapal I. Meshram21, Diane T. Meto557, Jie Mi211, Kim F. Michaelsen42, Nathalie Michels172, Kairit Mikkel312, Karolina Miłkowska326, Jody C. Miller26, Olga Milushkina558, Claudia S. Minderico559, G. K. Mini560, Juan Francisco Miquel138, J. Jaime Miranda136, Mohammad Reza Mirjalili51, Daphne Mirkopoulou561, Erkin Mirrakhimov458, Marjeta Mišigoj-Duraković27, Antonio Mistretta328, Veronica Mocanu562, Pietro A. Modesti563, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam12, Bahram Mohajer12, Mostafa K. Mohamed564, Shukri F. Mohamed491, Kazem Mohammad273, Mohammad Reza Mohammadi273, Zahra Mohammadi273, Noushin Mohammadifard565, Reza Mohammadpourhodki297, Viswanathan Mohan78, Salim Mohanna136, Muhammad Fadhli Mohd Yusoff9, Iraj Mohebbi46, Farnam Mohebi4, Marie Moitry147,566, Line T. Mollehave10, Niels C. Moller225, Denes Molnar389, Amirabbas Momenan399, Charles K. Mondo567, Roger A. Montenegro Mendoza568, Eric Monterrubio-Flores352, Kotsedi Daniel K. Monyeki569, Jin Soo Moon224, Mahmood Moosazadeh462, Hermine T. Mopa88, Farhad Moradpour336, Leila B. Moreira319, Alain Morejon570, Luis A. Moreno201,239, Francis Morey571, Karen Morgan572, Suzanne N. Morin2, Erik Lykke Mortensen42, George Moschonis573, Alireza Moslem574, Malgorzata Mossakowska575, Aya Mostafa564, Seyed-Ali Mostafavi273, Anabela Mota-Pinto25, Jorge Mota200, Mohammad Esmaeel Motlagh216, Jorge Motta568, Marcos Andre Moura-dos-Santos117, Yeva Movsesyan554, Kelias P. Msyamboza576, Thet Thet Mu577, Magdalena Muc25, Florian Muca578, Boban Mugoša487, Maria L. Muiesan579, Martina Muller-Nurasyid140, Thomas Munzel140, Jaakko Mursu19, Elaine M. Murtagh580, Kamarul Imran Musa313, Sanja Musić Milanović481,27, Vera Musil27, Geofrey Musinguzi581, Muel Telo M. C. Muyer582, Iraj Nabipour583, Shohreh Naderimagham12, Gabriele Nagel584, Farid Najafi379, Harunobu Nakamura476, Hanna Nalecz310, Jana Namešna94, Ei Ei K. Nang214,501, Vinay B. Nangia585, Martin Nankap586, Sameer Narake370, Paola Nardone269, Take Naseri587, Matthias Nauck530, William A. Neal507, Azim Nejatizadeh284, Chandini Nekkantti434, Keiu Nelis340, Ilona Nenko326, Martin Neovius588, Flavio Nervi138, Tze Pin Ng214, Chung T. Nguyen589, Nguyen D. Nguyen590, Quang Ngoc Nguyen591, Michael Y. Ni395, Rodica Nicolescu242, Peng Nie592, Ramfis E. Nieto-Martinez593, Yury P. Nikitin526, Guang Ning145, Toshiharu Ninomiya384, Nobuo Nishi16, Sania Nishtar594, Marianna Noale522, Oscar A. Noboa146, Helena Nogueira25, Maria Nordendahl314, Borge G. Nordestgaard43,42, Davide Noto108, Natalia Nowak-Szczepanska347, Mohannad Al Nsour595, Irfan Nuhoğlu294, Baltazar Nunes115,116, Eha Nurk340, Fred Nuwaha581, Moffat Nyirenda550, Terence W. O’Neill596, Dermot O’Reilly299, Galina Obreja597, Caleb Ochimana7, Angelica M. Ochoa-Aviles271, Eiji Oda598, Augustine N. Odili599, Kyungwon Oh600, Kumiko Ohara476, Claes Ohlsson153,469, Ryutaro Ohtsuka601, Orn Olafsson363, Maria Teresa A. Olinto319, Isabel O. Oliveira90, Mohd Azahadi Omar9, Saeed M. Omar602, Altan Onat603,777, Sok King Ong604, N. Charlotte Onland-Moret333, Lariane M. Ono398, Pedro Ordunez189, Rui Ornelas605, Ana P. Ortiz606, Pedro J. Ortiz136, Merete Osler10, Clive Osmond235, Sergej M. Ostojic265, Afshin Ostovar607, Johanna A. Otero608, Kim Overvad450, Ellis Owusu-Dabo609, Fred Michel Paccaud169, Ioannis Pagkalos383, Elena Pahomova282, Karina Mary de Paiva119, Andrzej Pająk326, Alberto Palloni610, Luigi Palmieri269, Wen-Harn Pan210, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas611, Arvind Pandey208, Francesco Panza612, Mariela Paoli179, Sousana K. Papadopoulou383, Dimitrios Papandreou613, Rossina G. Pareja268, Soon-Woo Park614, Suyeon Park600, Winsome R. Parnell26, Mahboubeh Parsaeian273, Ionela M. Pascanu615, Patrick Pasquet72, Nikhil D. Patel616, Marcos Pattussi259, Halyna Pavlyshyn323, Raimund Pechlaner464, Ivan Pećin111, Mangesh S. Pednekar370, Joao M. Pedro617, Nasheeta Peer618, Sergio Viana Peixoto508, Markku Peltonen20, Alexandre C. Pereira139, Marco A. Peres619, Cynthia M. Perez606, Valentina Peterkova162, Annette Peters272, Astrid Petersmann530, Janina Petkeviciene137, Ausra Petrauskiene137, Olga Petrovna Kovtun80, Emanuela Pettenuzzo620, Niloofar Peykari264, Norbert Pfeiffer140, Modou Cheyassin Phall423, Son Thai Pham621, Rafael N. Pichardo622, Daniela Pierannunzio269, Iris Pigeot54, Hynek Pikhart159, Aida Pilav623, Lorenza Pilotto624, Francesco Pistelli625, Freda Pitakaka626, Aleksandra Piwonska276, Andreia N. Pizarro200, Pedro Plans-Rubio627, Alina G. Platonova628, Bee Koon Poh629, Hermann Pohlabeln54, Nadija S. Polka628, Raluca M. Pop615, Stevo R. Popovic151, Miquel Porta538, Georg Posch234, Anil Poudyal150, Dimitrios Poulimeneas383, Hamed Pouraram273, Farhad Pourfarzi630, Akram Pourshams273, Hossein Poustchi273, Rajendra Pradeepa78, Alison J. Price550, Jacqueline F. Price551, Antonio Prista631, Rui Providencia159, Jardena J. Puder534, Iveta Pudule632, Maria Puiu11, Margus Punab475, Muhammed S. Qadir633, Radwan F. Qasrawi31, Mostafa Qorbani634, Hedley K. Quintana568, Pedro J. Quiroga-Padilla555, Tran Quoc Bao635, Stefan Rach54, Ivana Radic265, Ricardas Radisauskas137, Salar Rahimikazerooni302, Mahfuzar Rahman636, Mahmudur Rahman637, Olli Raitakari638, Manu Raj488, Tamerlan Rajabov639, Sherali Rakhmatulloev34, Ivo Rakovac15, Sudha Ramachandra Rao453, Ambady Ramachandran206, Otim P. C. Ramadan640, Virgilio V. Ramires641, Jacqueline Ramke126, Elisabete Ramos97, Rafel Ramos642, Lekhraj Rampal643, Sanjay Rampal644, Lalka S. Rangelova218, Vayia Rarra645, Ramon A. Rascon-Pacheco37, Cassiano Ricardo Rech119, Josep Redon412, Paul Ferdinand M. Reganit646, Valeria Regecova647, Jane D. P. Renner648, Judit A. Repasy389, Cezane P. Reuter648, Luis Revilla515, Abbas Rezaianzadeh302, Yeunsook Rho374, Lourdes Ribas-Barba649, Robespierre Ribeiro650,777, Elio Riboli1, Adrian Richter530, Fernando Rigo651, Attilio Rigotti138, Natascia Rinaldo361, Tobias F. Rinke de Wit652, Ana I. Rito115, Raphael M. Ritti-Dias653, Juan A. Rivera352, Reina G. Roa654, Louise Robinson470, Cynthia Robitaille655, Romana Roccaldo204, Daniela Rodrigues25, Fernando Rodriguez-Artalejo106, Maria del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez262, Laura A. Rodriguez-Villamizar656, Andrea Y. Rodriguez657, Ulla Roggenbuck293, Peter Rohloff658, Fabian Rohner659, Rosalba Rojas-Martinez352, Nipa Rojroongwasinkul8, Dora Romaguera239, Elisabetta L. Romeo660, Rafaela V. Rosario661, Annika Rosengren153,469, Ian Rouse662, Vanessa Rouzier663, Joel G. R. Roy232, Maira H. Ruano664, Adolfo Rubinstein373, Frank J. Ruhli166, Jean-Bernard Ruidavets165, Blanca Sandra Ruiz-Betancourt37, Maria Ruiz-Castell66, Emma Ruiz Moreno665, Iuliia A. Rusakova149, Kenisha Russell Jonsson425, Paola Russo666, Petra Rust474, Marcin Rutkowski667, Marge Saamel340, Charumathi Sabanayagam209, Hamideh Sabbaghi399, Elena Sacchini362, Harshpal S. Sachdev668, Alireza Sadjadi273, Ali Reza Safarpour302, Sare Safi399, Saeid Safiri300, Mohammad Hossien Saghi574, Olfa Saidi129, Nader Saki216, Sanja Šalaj27, Benoit Salanave257, Eduardo Salazar Martinez352, Calogero Saleva542, Diego Salmeron223, Veikko Salomaa20, Jukka T. Salonen296, Massimo Salvetti579, Margarita Samoutian669, Jose Sanchez-Abanto670, Ines Sanchez Rodriguez344, Sandjaja671, Susana Sans672, Loreto Santa Marina673, Ethel Santacruz132, Diana A. Santos559, Ina S. Santos90, Lelita C. Santos520, Maria Paula Santos200, Osvaldo Santos674, Rute Santos200, Tamara R. Santos675, Jouko L. Saramies676, Luis B. Sardinha559, Nizal Sarrafzadegan565, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish418, Kai-Uwe Saum177, Savvas Savva376, Mathilde Savy256, Norie Sawada677, Mariana Sbaraini319, Marcia Scazufca678, Beatriz D. Schaan319, Angelika Schaffrath Rosario556, Herman Schargrodsky679, Anja Schienkiewitz556, Karin Schindler680, Sabine Schipf530, Carsten O. Schmidt530, Ida Maria Schmidt681, Andrea Schneider272, Peter Schnohr43, Ben Schottker177, Sara Schramm293, Stine Schramm225, Helmut Schroder223, Constance Schultsz682, Matthias B. Schulze683, Aletta E. Schutte434,684, Sylvain Sebert93, Moslem Sedaghattalab382, Rusidah Selamat9, Vedrana Sember28, Abhijit Sen685, Idowu O. Senbanjo686, Sadaf G. Sepanlou273, Guillermo Sequera132, Luis Serra-Majem687, Jennifer Servais232, Ľudmila Ševčikova688, Svetlana Shalnova103, Teresa Shamah-Levy352, Seyed Morteza Shamshirgaran98, Coimbatore Subramaniam Shanthirani78, Maryam Sharafkhah273, Sanjib K. Sharma473, Jonathan E. Shaw523, Amaneh Shayanrad273, Ali Akbar Shayesteh216, Lela Shengelia441, Zumin Shi33, Kenji Shibuya366, Hana Shimizu-Furusawa689, Tal Shimony456, Rahman Shiri690, Namuna Shrestha85, Khairil Si-Ramlee604, Alfonso Siani666, Rosalynn Siantar209, Abla M. Sibai409, Labros S. Sidossis691, Natalia Silitrari692, Antonio M. Silva123, Caroline Ramos de Moura Silva117, Diego Augusto Santos Silva119, Kelly S. Silva119, Xueling Sim214,501, Mary Simon206, Judith Simons693, Leon A. Simons434, Agneta Sjoberg153, Michael Sjostrom588,777, Natalia A. Skoblina558, Gry Skodje694, Tatyana Slazhnyova32, Jolanta Slowikowska-Hilczer105, Przemysław Slusarczyk575, Liam Smeeth550, Hung-Kwan So395, Fernanda Cunha Soares117, Grzegorz Sobek107, Eugene Sobngwi88, Morten Sodemann225, Stefan Soderberg314, Moesijanti Y. E. Soekatri695, Agustinus Soemantri696,777, Reecha Sofat159, Vincenzo Solfrizzi697, Mohammad Hossein Somi300, Emily Sonestedt338, Yi Song22, Sajid Soofi52, Thorkild I. A. Sorensen42, Elin P. Sorgjerd426, Charles Sossa Jerome698, Victoria E. Soto-Rojas364, Aicha Soumare699, Alfonso Sousa-Poza700, Slavica Sovic27, Bente Sparboe-Nilsen701, Karen Sparrenberger319, Phoebe R. Spencer397, Angela Spinelli269, Igor Spiroski702,703, Jan A. Staessen167, Hanspeter Stamm704, Kaspar Staub166, Bill Stavreski429, Jostein Steene-Johannessen76, Peter Stehle705, Aryeh D. Stein418, George S. Stergiou447, Article Jochanan Stessman421, Ranko Stevanović481, Jutta Stieber272,777, Doris Stockl272, Jakub Stokwiszewski706, Ekaterina Stoyanova707, Gareth Stratton182, Karien Stronks49, Maria Wany Strufaldi315, Lela Sturua441, Ramon Suarez-Medina260, Machi Suka708, Chien-An Sun709, Liang Sun509, Johan Sundstrom510, Yn-Tz Sung396, Jordi Sunyer67, Paibul Suriyawongpaisal8, Nabil William G. Sweis710, Boyd A. Swinburn126, Rody G. Sy646, Rene Charles Sylva711, Moyses Szklo451, Lucjan Szponar706, Lorraine Tabone230, E. Shyong Tai214,501, Konstantinos D. Tambalis447, Mari-Liis Tammesoo312, Abdonas Tamosiunas137, Eng Joo Tan712, Xun Tang22, Maya Tanrygulyyeva713, Frank Tanser714, Yong Tao22, Mohammed Rasoul Tarawneh715, Jakob Tarp450, Carolina B. Tarqui-Mamani670, Radka Taxova Braunerova489, Anne Taylor337, Julie Taylor159, Felicite Tchibindat716, Saskia Te Velde717, William R. Tebar226, Grethe S. Tell385, Tania Tello136, Yih Chung Tham209, K. R. Thankappan341, Holger Theobald198, Xenophon Theodoridis339, Nihal Thomas128, Barbara Thorand272, Betina H. Thuesen10, Ľubica Ticha688, Erik J. Timmermans718, Dwi H. Tjandrarini719, Anne Tjonneland377, Hanna K. Tolonen20, Janne S. Tolstrup152, Murat Topbas294, Roman Topor-Mądry326, Liv Elin Torheim701, Maria Jose Tormo720, Michael J. Tornaritis376, Maties Torrent721, Laura Torres-Collado223, Stefania Toselli722, Giota Touloumi447, Pierre Traissac256, Thi Tuyet-Hanh Tran492, Mark S. Tremblay723, Areti Triantafyllou339, Dimitrios Trichopoulos7,777, Antonia Trichopoulou724, Oanh T. H. Trinh590, Atul Trivedi725, Yu-Hsiang Tsao726, Lechaba Tshepo727, Maria Tsigga383, Panagiotis Tsintavis383, Shoichiro Tsugane677, John Tuitele728,729, Azaliia M. Tuliakova149, Marshall K. Tulloch-Reid289, Fikru Tullu730, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen19, Jaakko Tuomilehto20, Maria L. Turley731, Gilad Twig217,732, Per Tynelius588, Evangelia Tzala1, Themistoklis Tzotzas445, Christophe Tzourio699, Peter Ueda588, Eunice Ugel733, Flora A. M. Ukoli734, Hanno Ulmer464, Belgin Unal295, Zhamyila Usupova55, Hannu M. T. Uusitalo735, Nalan Uysal736, Justina Vaitkeviciute137, Gonzalo Valdivia138, Susana Vale737, Damaskini Valvi738, Rob M. van Dam739, Bert-Jan van den Born49, Johan Van der Heyden251, Yvonne T. van der Schouw333, Koen Van Herck172, Wendy Van Lippevelde172, Hoang Van Minh492, Natasja M. Van Schoor408, Irene G. M. van Valkengoed49, Dirk Vanderschueren167, Diego Vanuzzo624, Anette Varbo43,42, Gregorio Varela-Moreiras740, Luz Nayibe Vargas236, Patricia Varona-Perez260, Senthil K. Vasan235, Daniel G. Vasques319, Tomas Vega516, Toomas Veidebaum340, Gustavo Velasquez-Melendez332, Biruta Velika632, Maite Verloigne172, Giovanni Veronesi308, W. M. Monique Verschuren155, Cesar G. Victora90, Giovanni Viegi741, Lucie Viet155, Froydis N. Vik133, Monica Vilar742, Salvador Villalpando352, Jesus Vioque743, Jyrki K. Virtanen19, Sophie Visvikis-Siest744, Bharathi Viswanathan168, Mihaela Vladulescu745, Tiina Vlasoff746, Dorja Vocanec27, Peter Vollenweider534,535, Henry Volzke530, Ari Voutilainen19, Martine Vrijheid67, Tanja G. M. Vrijkotte252,49, Alisha N. Wade747, Thomas Waldhor680, Janette Walton185, Elvis O. A. Wambiya491, Wan Mohamad Wan Bebakar313, Wan Nazaimoon Wan Mohamud748, Rildo de Souza Wanderley Junior117, Ming-Dong Wang655, Ningli Wang369, Qian Wang749, Xiangjun Wang750, Ya Xing Wang368, Ying-Wei Wang751, S. Goya Wannamethee159, Nicholas Wareham461, Adelheid Weber130, Karen Webster-Kerr752, Niels Wedderkopp225, Daniel Weghuber541, Wenbin Wei368, Aneta Weres107, Bo Werner753, Leo D. Westbury235, Peter H. Whincup754, Kremlin Wickramasinghe15, Kurt Widhalm680, Indah S. Widyahening755, Andrzej Więcek227, Philipp S. Wild140, Rainford J. Wilks289, Johann Willeit464, Peter Willeit464, Julianne Williams15, Tom Wilsgaard545, Rusek Wojciech756, Bogdan Wojtyniak706, Kathrin Wolf272, Roy A. Wong-McClure30, Andrew Wong159, Emily B. Wong380, Jyh Eiin Wong629, Tien Yin Wong207, Jean Woo396, Mark Woodward1,434, Frederick C. Wu596, Hon-Yen Wu757, Jianfeng Wu144, Li Juan Wu368, Shouling Wu213, Justyna Wyszyńska107, Haiquan Xu758, Liang Xu759, Nor Azwany Yaacob313, Uruwan Yamborisut8, Weili Yan760, Ling Yang44, Xiaoguang Yang388, Yang Yang750, Nazan Yardim203, Tabara Yasuharu322, Martha Yepez Garcia742, Panayiotis K. Yiallouros761, Agneta Yngve510, Moein Yoosefi12, Akihiro Yoshihara762, Qi Sheng You368, San-Lin You709, Novie O. Younger-Coleman289, Yu-Ling Yu167, Yunjiang Yu763, Safiah Md Yusof764, Ahmad Faudzi Yusoff9, Luciana Zaccagni361, Vassilis Zafiropulos765, Ahmad A. Zainuddin9, Seyed Rasoul Zakavi297, Farhad Zamani766, Sabina Zambon529, Antonis Zampelas524, Hana Zamrazilova489, Maria Elisa Zapata199, Abdul Hamid Zargar767, Ko Ko Zaw499, Ayman A. Zayed710, Tomasz Zdrojewski667, Magdalena Żegleń768, Kristyna Zejglicova195, Tajana Zeljkovic Vrkic111, Yi Zeng22,769, Luxia Zhang770, Zhen-Yu Zhang167, Dong Zhao511, Ming-Hui Zhao770, Wenhua Zhao388, Yanitsa V. Zhecheva419, Shiqi Zhen771, Wei Zheng188, Yingfeng Zheng270, Bekbolat Zholdin772, Maigeng Zhou388, Dan Zhu773, Marie Zins342,343, Emanuel Zitt234, Yanina Zocalo146, Nada Zoghlami81, Julio Zuniga Cisneros568, Monika Zuziak774, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta416,52, Robert E. Black775 & Majid Ezzati1,41 ✉ 1Imperial College London, London, UK. 2McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada. 3University of Essex, Colchester, UK. 4University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA. 5University of Kent, Canterbury, UK. 6World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. 7Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. 8Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand. 9Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 10Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. 11Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania. 12Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran. 13Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. 14University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. 15World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark. 16National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan. 17South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa. 18Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. 19University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. 20Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. 21ICMR–National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India. 22Peking University, Beijing, China. 23Universidad de San Carlos, Guatemala City, Guatemala. 24BRAC James P. Grant School of Public Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 25University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. 26University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. 27University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia. 28University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia. 29GroundWork, Geneva, Switzerland. 30Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica. 31Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem, State of Palestine. 32National Center of Public Health, Astana, Kazakhstan. 33Qatar University, Doha, Qatar. 34Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Dushanbe, Tajikistan. 35Birzeit University, Birzeit, State of Palestine. 36Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria. 37Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico. 38Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia. 39RehaKlinika, Rzeszów, Poland. 40Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. 41University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana. 42University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. 43Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. 44University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. 45Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Taguig, The Philippines. 46Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran. 47Ibn Tofail University, Kénitra, Morocco. 48Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Mexico City, Mexico. 49University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 50Modeling in Health Research Center, Shahrekord, Iran. 51Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. 52The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan. 53University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. 54Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology–BIPS, Bremen, Germany. 55Republican Center for Health Promotion, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. 56National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics, Amman, Jordan. 57Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 58Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait. 59King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. 60The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan. 61Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait. 62Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait. 63Aldara Hospital and Medical Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 64King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 65Universidade Federal da Integraçao Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil. 66Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg. 67Barcelona Institute for Global Health CIBERESP, Barcelona, Spain. 68World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt. 69Bombay Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Mumbai, India. 70Departamento de Salud del Gobierno Vasco, San Sebastián, Spain. 71Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana. 72UMR CNRS-MNHN 7206, Paris, France. 73University of Lille, Lille, France. 74Lille University Hospital, Lille, France. 75Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway. 76Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway. 77University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece. 78Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India. 79Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran. 80Yekaterinburg State Medical Academy, Yekaterinburg, Russia. 81National Institute of Public Health, Tunis, Tunisia. 82Institute of Public Health of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. 83Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway. 84University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA. 85Public Health Promotion and Development Organization, Kathmandu, Nepal. 86Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia. 87University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. 88University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon. 89Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan. 90Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil. 91University of Medicine 1, Yangon, Myanmar. 92Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland. 93University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. 94Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia. 95Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. 96Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel. 97University of Porto Medical School, Porto, Portugal. 98Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran. 99Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 100Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India. 101National Institute of Public Health, Copenhagen, Denmark. 102National Institute of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Budapest, Hungary. 103National Medical Research Centre for Therapy and Preventive Medicine, Moscow, Russia. 104University of Science and Technology, Sana’a, Yemen. 105Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland. 106Universidad Autónoma de Madrid CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain. 107University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland. 108University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. 109Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceara, Ceara, Brazil. 110University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA. 111University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia. 112Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco. 113Unidad de Cirugia Cardiovascular, Guatemala City, Guatemala. 114Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. 115National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal. 116NOVA University Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal. 117University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil. 118Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Karachi, Pakistan. 119Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil. 120Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. 121Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan. 122Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil. 123Federal University of Maranhao, Sao Luís, Brazil. 124University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. 125Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 126University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. 127University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. 128Christian Medical College, Vellore, India. 129University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia. 130Federal Ministry of Social Affairs, Health, Care and Consumer Protection, Vienna, Austria. 131Cafam University Foundation, Bogotá, Colombia. 132Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social, Asunción, Paraguay. 133University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway. 134Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 135Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan. 136Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru. 137Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania. 138Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. 139University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. 140Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany. 141B. J. Medical College, Ahmedabad, India. 142Chirayu Medical College, New Delhi, India. 143Sunder Lal Jain Hospital, Delhi, India. 144Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China. 145Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. 146Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay. 147University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France. 148Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, Yaoundé, Cameroon. 149Ufa Eye Research Institute, Ufa, Russia. 150Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal. 151University of Montenegro, Niksic, Montenegro. 152University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark. 153University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. 154Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 155National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. 156University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel. 157Ministry of Health, Ramat Gan, Israel. 158University of Turin, Turin, Italy. 159University College London, London, UK. 160Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK. 161Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore. 162National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, Moscow, Russia. 163Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 164IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy. 165Toulouse University School of Medicine, Toulouse, France. 166University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. 167KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. 168Ministry of Health, Victoria, Seychelles. 169Unisanté, Lausanne, Switzerland. 170World Health Organization Country Office in Tajikistan, Dushanbe, Tajikistan. 171Flemish Agency for Care and Health, Brussels, Belgium. 172Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. 173FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, The Netherlands. 174Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela. 175Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany. 176World Health Organization Athens Quality of Care Office, Athens, Greece. 177German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany. 178The Fred Hollows Foundation, Auckland, New Zealand. 179University of the Andes, Mérida, Venezuela. 180Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania. 181Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal. 182Swansea University, Swansea, UK. 183University College Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. 184Institute of Public Health, Tirana, Albania. 185Munster Technological University, Cork, Ireland. 186Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain. 187University of Malta, Msida, Malta. 188Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA. 189Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA. 190Ministry of Health, Tongatapu, Tonga. 191Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 192Hospital Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal. 193Istanbul University– Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey. 194Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil. 195National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic. 196Gaetano Fucito Hospital, Mercato San Severino, Italy. 197University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. 198Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden. 199Centro de Estudios Sobre Nutrición Infantil, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 200University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. 201University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain. 202Santiago de Compostela University, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. 203Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey. 204Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rome, Italy. 205Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil. 206India Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India. 207Duke–NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore. 208ICMR– National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India. 209Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore. 210Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. 211Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China. 212Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China. 213Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, China. 214National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. 215US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. 216Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. 217The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Ramat Gan, Israel. 218National Centre of Public Health and Analyses, Sofia, Bulgaria. 219Amsterdam UMC Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 220Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica. 221University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland. 222National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. 223CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain. 224Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. 225University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. 226Universidade Estadual Paulista, Presidente Prudente, Brazil. 227Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland. 228Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic. 229Thomayer Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic. 230Primary Health Care, Floriana, Malta. 231University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy. 232Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 233Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research, Alicante, Spain. 234Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine, Bregenz, Austria. 235University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. 236Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia. 237Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France. 238Malawi Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit, Lilongwe, Malawi. 239CIBEROBN, Madrid, Spain. 240Hungarian University of Sports Science, Budapest, Hungary. 241University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary. 242National Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania. 243University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania. 244Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil. 245National Research Council, Reggio Calabria, Italy. 246Eftimie Murgu University Resita, Resita, Romania. 247Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique. 248Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India. 249Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Tabriz, Iran. 250Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland. 251Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium. 252University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 253National Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, Moscow, Russia. 254Innovating Health International, Port-au-Prince, Haiti. 255University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. 256French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development, Montpellier, France. 257French Public Health Agency, St Maurice, France. 258Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Naples, Italy. 259Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Sao Leopoldo, Brazil. 260National Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology, Havana, Cuba. 261National Council of Scientific and Technical Research, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 262Servicio Canario de la Salud del Gobierno de Canarias, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain. 263Consejería de Salud del Gobierno de La Rioja, Logrono, Spain. 264Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran. 265University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia. 266National Institute of Nutrition, Hanoi, Vietnam. 267University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. 268Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru. 269Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy. 270Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. 271Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador. 272Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany. 273Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 274Ministere de la Santé et de l’Hygiene Publique, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. 275University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany. 276National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland. 277Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China. 278IRL 3189 ESS, Marseille, France. 279Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy. 280Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan. 281Semey Medical University, Semey, Kazakhstan. 282University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia. 283Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Gizo, Solomon Islands. 284Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran. 285University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. 286University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden. 287Ministry of Health, Rabat, Morocco. 288National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunis, Tunisia. 289The University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica. 290Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel. 291University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA. 292University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa. 293University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany. 294Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey. 295Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey. 296University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. 297Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. 298Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran. 299Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK. 300Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. 301Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran. 302Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. 303Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan. 304Centro de Salud Villanueva Norte, Badajoz, Spain. 305Hospital Don Benito-Villanueva de la Serena, Badajoz, Spain. 306Ministry of Health, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 307Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile. 308University of Insubria, Varese, Italy. 309Federal University of Alagoas, Alagoas, Brazil. 310Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland. 311Hospital Infantil Sabará, Sao Paulo, Brazil. 312University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. 313Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia. 314Umea University, Umea, Sweden. 315Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. 316University Clinical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia. 317Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma, Spain. 318Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil. 319Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. 320Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia. 321Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Japan. 322Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. 323I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine. 324Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland. 325Consejería de Sanidad del Gobierno de Cantabria, Santander, Spain. 326Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland. 327Ministero della Salute DG Prevenzione Sanitaria, Rome, Italy. 328University of Catania, Catania, Italy. 329Agencia Espanola de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición, Madrid, Spain. 330Africa Health Research Institute, Mtubatuba, South Africa. 331Geneva University Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland. 332Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. 333Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. 334Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands. 335Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, India. 336Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran. 337University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. 338Lund University, Lund, Sweden. 339Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece. 340National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia. 341Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India. 342Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France. 343Paris University, Paris, France. 344Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain. 345Gasol Foundation, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain. 346University of Lleida, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain. 347PASs Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wroclaw, Poland. 348University Agostinho Neto, Luanda, Angola. 349Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA. 350Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. 351International Clinical Research Center, Brno, Czech Republic. 352National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico. 353Centro de Estudios en Diabetes A.C., Mexico City, Mexico. 354Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. 355Ministry of Health, Lisbon, Portugal. 356Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic. 357Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland. 358University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece. 359National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China. 360International Life Science Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 361University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy. 362Authority Sanitaria San Marino, San Marino, San Marino. 363Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland. 364Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia. 365State University of Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Brazil. 366King’s College London, London, UK. 367International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France. 368Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. 369Capital Medical University Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China. 370Healis-Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Navi Mumbai, India. 371Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, India. 372University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. 373Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 374National Health Insurance Service, Wonju, Republic of Korea. 375Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Tehran, Iran. 376Research and Education Institute of Child Health, Nicosia, Cyprus. 377Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark. 378The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, Barbados. 379Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. 380Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa. 381Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil. 382Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran. 383International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, Greece. 384Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. 385University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. 386Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA. 387National Research Institute for Health and Family Planning, Beijing, China. 388Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China. 389University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary. 390Danish Health Authority, Copenhagen, Denmark. 391Joep Lange Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 392Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia. 393ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. 394Chronic Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran. 395University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. 396The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. 397University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. 398Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil. 399Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 400Gasol Foundation, Barcelona, Spain. 401University Ramon Llull, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain. 402Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. 403Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia. 404University Oran 1, Oran, Algeria. 405Independent Public Health Specialist, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar. 406Ministry of Health and Sports, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar. 407Santé publique France, Saint-Maurice, France. 408VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 409American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon. 410Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. 411Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. 412University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain. 413Medical University Varna, Varna, Bulgaria. 414The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. 415Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria. 416The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 417Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia. 418Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. 419Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria. 420Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan. 421Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel. 422Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium. 423Gambia National Nutrition Agency, Banjul, The Gambia. 424Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat, Kuwait. 425Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden. 426Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. 427University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. 428Sports University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania. 429Heart Foundation, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. 430Guangzhou 12th Hospital, Guangzhou, China. 431Universidad Eugenio Maria de Hostos, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. 432Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. 433Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland. 434University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. 435World Health Organization Country Office, Delhi, India. 436Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. 437University of Opole, Opole, Poland. 438Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda. 439University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece. 440Hungarian School Sport Federation, Budapest, Hungary. 441National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia. 442Ministry of Health, Bratislava, Slovakia. 443Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India. 444Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India. 445Hellenic Medical Association for Obesity, Athens, Greece. 446Harokopio University, Athens, Greece. 447National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece. 448Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Kathmandu, Nepal. 449Université Officielle de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 450Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. 451Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. 452Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA. 453National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India. 454University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 455University of Münster, Münster, Germany. 456Israel Center for Disease Control, Ramat Gan, Israel. 457Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan, Iran. 458Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. 459Research Institute of Child Nutrition, Dortmund, Germany. 460Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran. 461University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. 462Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. 463Hypertension Research Center, Isfahan, Iran. 464Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria. 465VASCage, Innsbruck, Austria. 466Muhimbili University of Article Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. 467Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. 468National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Republic of Korea. 469Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden. 470Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK. 471University College South Denmark, Haderslev, Denmark. 472Statistics Austria, Vienna, Austria. 473B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal. 474University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. 475Tartu University Clinics, Tartu, Estonia. 476Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan. 477District Department of State Public Health Service, Hildburghausen, Germany. 478Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 479Ministry of Health and Wellness, Port Louis, Mauritius. 480University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany. 481Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia. 482Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, Guatemala City, Guatemala. 483North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa. 484South African Medical Research Council, Potchefstroom, South Africa. 485University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland. 486University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland. 487Institute of Public Health, Podgorica, Montenegro. 488Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Cochin, India. 489Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic. 490All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. 491African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya. 492Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam. 493Hassan First University of Settat, Settat, Morocco. 494Ministry of Health, Algiers, Algeria. 495Ministry of Health, Georgetown, Guyana. 496Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden. 497Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran, Iran. 498Clinical Research Education, Networking & Consultancy, Douala, Cameroon. 499University of Public Health, Yangon, Myanmar. 500Centro Studi Epidemiologici di Gubbio, Gubbio, Italy. 501National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore. 502University of Leicester, Leicester, UK. 503Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland. 504Tampere University, Tampere, Finland. 505University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon. 506University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. 507West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA. 508Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rene Rachou Research Institute, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. 509Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. 510Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. 511Capital Medical University Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Beijing, China. 512Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. 513Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Sevilla, Spain. 514Sports Medical Center of Minho, Braga, Portugal. 515Universidad San Martín de Porres, Lima, Peru. 516Consejería de Sanidad Junta de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain. 517Universidade Federal de Ciencias da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil. 518Ilembula Lutheran Hospital, Ilembula, Tanzania. 519University of Kinshasa Hospital, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 520Coimbra University Hospital Center, Coimbra, Portugal. 521University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Harlingen, TX, USA. 522Institute of Neuroscience of the National Research Council, Padua, Italy. 523Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. 524Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece. 525Academia VBHC, Sao Paulo, Brazil. 526SB RAS Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russia. 527Université Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 528University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada. 529University of Padua, Padua, Italy. 530University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. 531Hellenic Mediterranean University, Siteia, Greece. 532Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK. 533Ministry of Health, Nicosia, Cyprus. 534Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland. 535University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. 536Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil. 537CIBERCV, Barcelona, Spain. 538Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mediques, Barcelona, Spain. 539Mary Immaculate College, Limerick, Ireland. 540Hungarian Society of Sports Medicine, Budapest, Hungary. 541Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria. 542Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy. 543Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava, Brazil. 544Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India. 545UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway. 546ICMR–National Centre for Disease Informatics and Research, Bengaluru, India. 547Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa. 548Centro de Estudos do Laboratório de Aptidao Física de Sao Caetano do Sul, Sao Paulo, Brazil. 549Brown University, Providence, RI, USA. 550London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK. 551University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. 552Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, NY, USA. 553Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Lille, France. 554Arabkir Medical Centre–Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Yerevan, Armenia. 555Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia. 556Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany. 557University of Abidjan, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. 558Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia. 559Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal. 560Saveetha Dental Colleges & Hospitals, Chennai, India. 561Democritus University, Alexandroupolis, Greece. 562Grigore T Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania. 563Universita degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy. 564Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. 565Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan, Iran. 566Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France. 567Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda. 568Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama City, Panama. 569University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa. 570University of Medical Sciences of Cienfuegos, Cienfuegos, Cuba. 571Ministry of Health and Wellness, Belmopan, Belize. 572Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland. 573La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. 574Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran. 575International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland. 576World Health Organization Country Office, Lilongwe, Malawi. 577Department of Public Health, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar. 578Albanian Sports Science Association, Tirana, Albania. 579University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy. 580University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland. 581Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda. 582University de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 583Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran. 584Ulm University, Ulm, Germany. 585Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India. 586UNICEF, Yaoundé, Cameroon. 587Ministry of Health, Apia, Samoa. 588Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. 589National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam. 590University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. 591Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam. 592Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China. 593LifeDoc Health, Memphis, TN, USA. 594Heartfile, Islamabad, Pakistan. 595Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network, Amman, Jordan. 596University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. 597State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova. 598Tachikawa General Hospital, Nagaoka, Japan. 599University of Abuja College of Health Sciences, Abuja, Nigeria. 600Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea. 601Japan Wildlife Research Center, Tokyo, Japan. 602Gadarif University, Gadarif, Sudan. 603Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey. 604Ministry of Health, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei. 605University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal. 606University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico. 607Osteoporosis Research Center, Tehran, Iran. 608Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia. 609Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. 610University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. 611Privatpraxis Prof Jonas und Dr Panda-Jonas, Heidelberg, Germany. 612IRCCS Ente Ospedaliero Specializzato in Gastroenterologia S. de Bellis, Bari, Italy. 613Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. 614Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Republic of Korea. 615University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mures, Târgu Mures, Romania. 616Jivandeep Hospital, Anand, India. 617Centro de Investigaçao em Saúde de Angola, Caxito, Angola. 618South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa. 619National Dental Care Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. 620University Hospital of Varese, Varese, Italy. 621Vietnam National Heart Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam. 622Clínica de Medicina Avanzada Dr. Abel González, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. 623University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. 624Cardiovascular Prevention Centre Udine, Udine, Italy. 625University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. 626Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Honiara, Solomon Islands. 627Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain. 628O. M. Marzeyev Institute for Public Health of the National Academy of the Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine. 629Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 630Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran. 631Universidade Pedagógica, Maputo, Mozambique. 632Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Riga, Latvia. 633Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq. 634Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran. 635Ministry of Health, Hanoi, Vietnam. 636Pure Earth, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 637Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 638University of Turku, Turku, Finland. 639UNICEF, Baku, Azerbaijan. 640World Health Organization Country Office, Juba, South Sudan. 641Instituto Federal Riograndense, Rio Grande, Brazil. 642Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primaria Jordi Gol, Girona, Spain. 643Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia. 644University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 645Sotiria Hospital, Athens, Greece. 646University of the Philippines, Manila, The Philippines. 647Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia. 648University of Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil. 649Nutrition Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain. 650Minas Gerais State Secretariat for Health, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. 651CS S. Agustín Ibsalut, Palma, Spain. 652Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 653Universidade Nove de Julho, Sao Paulo, Brazil. 654Ministerio de Salud, Panama City, Panama. 655Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 656Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia. 657Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Bogotá, Colombia. 658Wuqu’ Kawoq, Tecpan, Guatemala. 659GroundWork, Fläsch, Switzerland. 660Associazione Calabrese di Epatologia, Reggio Calabria, Italy. 661University of Minho, Braga, Portugal. 662Fiji National University, Suva, Fiji. 663GHESKIO Clinics, Port-au-Prince, Haiti. 664Universidad de San Carlos, Quetzaltenango, Guatemala. 665National Center for Epidemiology CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain. 666Institute of Food Sciences of the National Research Council, Avellino, Italy. 667Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland. 668Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science and Research, New Delhi, India. 669Kindergarten of Avlonari, Evia, Greece. 670National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru. 671Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia. 672Catalan Department of Health, Barcelona, Spain. 673Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain. 674Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Lisbon, Portugal. 675Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil. 676South Karelia Social and Health Care District, Lappeenranta, Finland. 677National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan. 678University of Sao Paulo Clinics Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil. 679Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 680Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. 681Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. 682Academic Medical Center of University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 683German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany. 684The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. 685Center for Oral Health Services and Research Mid-Norway, Trondheim, Norway. 686Lagos State University College of Medicine, Lagos, Nigeria. 687University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain. 688Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia. 689Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan. 690Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland. 691Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA. 692National Agency for Public Health, Chisinau, Moldova. 693St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. 694Nes Municipality, Arnes, Norway. 695Health Polytechnic Jakarta II Institute, Jakarta, Indonesia. 696Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia. 697University of Bari, Bari, Italy. 698Institut Régional de Santé Publique, Ouidah, Benin. 699University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France. 700University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany. 701Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway. 702Institute of Public Health, Skopje, North Macedonia. 703Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia. 704Lamprecht und Stamm Sozialforschung und Beratung AG, Zurich, Switzerland. 705Bonn University, Bonn, Germany. 706National Institute of Public Health–National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland. 707Kalina Malina Kindergarten, Pazardjik, Bulgaria. 708The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. 709Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan. 710University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan. 711National Statistical Office, Praia, Cabo Verde. 712Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. 713Scientific Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health, Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. 714University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK. 715Ministry of Health, Amman, Jordan. 716UNICEF, Niamey, Niger. 717University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. 718University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. 719National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia. 720Health Service, Murcia, Spain. 721Institut d’Investigacio Sanitaria Illes Balears, Menorca, Spain. 722University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. 723Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 724Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece. 725Government Medical College, Bhavnagar, India. 726Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan. 727Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, South Africa. 728Department of Health, Faga’alu, American Samoa. 729LBJ Hospital, Faga’alu, American Samoa. 730Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 731Ministry of Health, Wellington, New Zealand. 732Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Tel HaShomer, Israel. 733Universidad Centro–Occidental Lisandro Alvarado, Barquisimeto, Venezuela. 734Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA. 735University of Tampere Tays Eye Center, Tampere, Finland. 736Sabiha Gokcen Ilkokulu, Ankara, Turkey. 737Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal. 738Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA. 739George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA. 740Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain. 741Institute of Clinical Physiology of National Research Council, Pisa, Italy. 742Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador. 743University Miguel Hernandez, Alicante, Spain. 744Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France. 745Sunflower Nursery School, Craiova, Romania. 746North Karelia Center for Public Health, Joensuu, Finland. 747University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. 748Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 749Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China. 750Shanghai Educational Development Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China. 751Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan. 752Ministry of Health and Wellness, Kingston, Jamaica. 753Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden. 754St George’s, University of London, London, UK. 755Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia. 756Rehamed-Center, Tajęcina, Poland. 757National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan. 758Institute of Food and Nutrition Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China. 759Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing, China. 760Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China. 761University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus. 762Niigata University, Niigata, Japan. 763South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Guangzhou, China. 764International Medical University, Shah Alam, Malaysia. 765Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, Greece. 766Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 767Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Care, Srinagar, India. 768Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland. 769Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. 770Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China. 771Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China. 772West Kazakhstan Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan. 773Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China. 774Przedszkole No. 81, Warsaw, Poland. 775Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1-6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5-19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m-2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.