Artigo
Beyond species loss: the extinction of ecological interactions in a changing world
Registro en:
Functional Ecology. Hoboken: Wiley-blackwell, v. 29, n. 3, p. 299-307, 2015.
0269-8463
10.1111/1365-2435.12356
WOS:000351606400002
3431375174670630
Autor
Valiente-Banuet, Alfonso
Aizen, Marcelo A.
Alcantara, Julio M.
Arroyo, Juan
Cocucci, Andrea
Galetti, Mauro [UNESP]
Garcia, Maria B.
Garcia, Daniel
Gomez, Jose M.
Jordano, Pedro
Medel, Rodrigo
Navarro, Luis
Obeso, José R.
Oviedo, Ramona
Ramirez, Nelson
Rey, Pedro J.
Traveset, Anna
Verdu, Miguel
Zamora, Regino
Resumen
The effects of the present biodiversity crisis have been largely focused on the loss of species. However, a missed component of biodiversity loss that often accompanies or even precedes species disappearance is the extinction of ecological interactions. Here, we propose a novel model that (i) relates the diversity of both species and interactions along a gradient of environmental deterioration and (ii) explores how the rate of loss of ecological functions, and consequently of ecosystem services, can be accelerated or restrained depending on how the rate of species loss covaries with the rate of interactions loss. We find that the loss of species and interactions are decoupled, such that ecological interactions are often lost at a higher rate. This implies that the loss of ecological interactions may occur well before species disappearance, affecting species functionality and ecosystems services at a faster rate than species extinctions. We provide a number of empirical case studies illustrating these points. Our approach emphasizes the importance of focusing on species interactions as the major biodiversity component from which the health'of ecosystems depends. Programa Iberoamericano de Ciencia y Tecnologia para el Desarrollo (CYTED Project) Spanish MEC Junta de Andalucia Excellence Grant Severo Ochoa Excellence Award from the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad FONDECYT Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF, México Laboratorio Ecotono-CRUB, Universidad Nacional del Comahue and INIBIOMA, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain Laboratorio de Biología Floral, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo, Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Biodiversidad (UMIB CSIC-UO-PA), Oviedo, Spain Departamento de Ecología Funcional y Evolutiva, Estación Experimental de Zonas Aridas (EEZA-CSIC) Ctra, La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, Spain Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain Integrative Ecology Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile Department of Plant Biology and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática de La Habana, Carretera Varona 11835 e/ Oriente y Lindero, La Habana 19, Calabazar, Boyeros, Cuba Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología Experimental, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela Terrestrial Ecology Group, Laboratorio Internacional de Cambio Global (LINC-Global), Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación (CIDE CSIC-UV-GV), Moncada, Valencia, Spain Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brazil Programa Iberoamericano de Ciencia y Tecnologia para el Desarrollo (CYTED Project): 409AC0369 Spanish MEC: CGL2011-13456-E Junta de Andalucia Excellence Grant: RNM-5731 Severo Ochoa Excellence Award from the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad: SEV-2012-0262 FONDECYT: 1120155