Gonopterodendron sarmientoi is a native tree species from Chaco region forest that grows in mixed forest or in pure dense forests (palosantales). Due to habitat destruction and high exploitation, G. sarmientoi is threatened; hence, baseline information about the forests where the species grows is needed to guide future management and conservation programs. The objective of this article is to characterize the environment, genetic diversity and morphology of G. sarmientoi's palosantales (n=10), in relation to the species' mixed forests (n=14). For that, along the whole range of the species distribution, we compared the palosantales and mixed forests regarding their composition of plant species and site attributes (soil type and vegetation index), genetic diversity obtained with neutral markers, and leaf and tree morphological traits. Hie palosantales were characterized by having fewer companion species forests (mean 8; min. 1; max. 14), predominantly with shrub species, in relation to mixed forests (mean 10; min. 8; max. 13). Hie soils of the palosantales showed high content of clay and low levels of organic carbon and sand. Hie lowest nutrients sampled sites were palosantales located in the center-west of the species range, in the triple border Argentina-Bolivia-Paraguay, and in the palosantales on Bermejo river paleochannels (Argentina). Hie vegetation index confirmed the low productivity of palosantales forests (NDVI palosantales 0.38; NDVI mixed forests 0.51). Hie palosantales were similar in genetic diversity with respect to mixed forest (nucleotide diversity 0.00103 vs 0.00120; Shannon index 0.89 vs 1.02, respectively). Morphologically, G. sarmientoi trees in the palosantales were shorter and shrubbier than the mixed forest trees. Hie forests of G. sarmientoi require focused research that considers the singularities of each type of forest, allowing conservation of the species and the derived ecosystem services.Fil: Camps, Gonzalo Andres. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Sersic, Alicia Noemi. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Iglesias, María del Rosario. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores; ArgentinaFil: Verga, Aníbal Ramón. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Cosacov Martinez, Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina