EFECTO DEL NOPAL (Opuntia-ficus-indica) EN LA DIETA DE GANADO LECHERO SOBRE LA PRODUCCIÓN Y CALIDAD DE LECHE CRUDA EN LA REGIÓN CIÉNEGA DE CHAPALA

Abstract

The aim of this work was to establish the complementation of the nopal (Opuntia ficus-indica) in the diet of bovine cattle over the production and quality of the milk in a familiar milking system. The investigation was made in a dairy cattle family system (DCFS) found in the community of Abadiano, Municipio de Jiquilpan, Michoacán, Mexico. The system counted with 25 cows (Holstein) in production. The diet of the bovine cattle is based in waste of agriculture production, grass and concentrated (20% of PC), schematic characterization and modeling this system was used to establish the effect of the milking bovine cattle diet complementation with the nopal. We obtain information about techniques and productivity aspects that determine the performance of system, including general antecedents about exploitation. For production and quality analysis (microbiological and physical-chemical) of milk from cows with nopal in the diet, we use 12 of 25 inventoried cows in the system, with one to six births. The cows was divided in two groups (G), G1 (n=6), group with conventional diet Agriculture wastes) 7kg/cow/day, native grass, ad libitum and concentrated (20% of PC), 5kg/cow/day. G2 (n=6), group with nopal complementation: 7 kg/cow/day, native grass ad libitum, concentrated (20% of PC), 5kg/cow/day and nopal 12 kg/cow/day. This diet was used for 90 days (onset of drought). Milk production was measurement in both groups every seven days for 180 days (end of rainy season and onset of drought). Statistic analysis for PL it done with fixed effects models with repeated measures. Bacteriologic analysis of raw milk (RM), we sampling every seven days (n= 24 samples/group) each sample was prepared for the criteria of NOM-110 SSA and NOM-113-SSA and we determine the Unit former colonies (UFC/ml) of aerobic mesophilic and total coliforms bacteria. Statistic analysis for UFC/ml and physical-chemical of raw milk was for general liners models (GLM). 24 samples/group for physical-chemical of raw milk we used for analyze protein, fat, non-fat solids and acidity. Characterization of system result in an efficiency in the milk production (MP) 3,416 kg of milk in 305 days (P<0.05), absence management elements and non technological assimilation. We find an effect of complementation diet with nopal (P<0.01): 10.289 and 11.345 kg/cow/day, for G1 and G2, respectively, means are different significant (P < 0.05). Aerobic mesophilic bacteria (UFC/ml) we found 4.081 0.131 in G1 and G2, 3.901  0.110, means are equal (P > 0.05), total colifomrs the mean for G1 was 3.625  0.110 and G2 3.373  0.110 UFC/ml; means are no significant (P > 0.05).Physical-chemical quality of RM was different (P < 0.05) in both groups, values was 3.24 y 3.13 % for protein, for G1 and G2 respectively, fat 3.69 and 3.32% for G1 and G2 respectively; non fat solids 8.64% G1 and 8.38% for G2. We conclude DCFS do not have practices for udder health, which cause mastitis and decrease productivity and quality of RM. The use of nopal (Opuntia-ficus-indica) as complementation of bovine cattle milking producers increase the MP, nevertheless, it do not modified bacteria counter (aerobic mesophilic and total coliforms), furthermore, decreases quantity of values for physical-chemical of RM but in the official standard values. Nopal would be an alternative in diet as complementation during dry season.