Time-resolved spectroscopic temperature measurements of a sealed carbon dioxide sample cell were realized with an optical frequency comb combined with a two-dimensional dispersive spectrometer. A supercontinuum laser source based on an erbium fiber mode-locked laser was employed to generate coherent light around 2000 nm ( (Formula presented.) ). The laser was passed through a 12-cm-long cell containing (Formula presented.) , and the transmitted light was analyzed in a virtually imaged phased array-based spectrometer. Broadband spectra spanning more than (Formula presented.) with a spectral resolution of roughly (Formula presented.) (2.2 GHz) were acquired with an integration period of 2 ms. The temperature of the (Formula presented.) sample was deduced from fitting a modeled spectrum to the line intensities of the experimentally acquired spectrum. Temperature dynamics on the timescale of milliseconds were observed with a temperature resolution of 2.6 K. The spectroscopically deduced temperatures agreed with temperatures of the sample cell measured with a thermistor. Potential applications of this technique include quantitative measurement of carbon dioxide concentration and temperature dynamics in gas-phase chemical reactions (e.g., combustion) and plasma diagnostics. © 2016, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg (outside the USA).122