Artículos de revistas
Application Of L Cr Waves To Evaluate Residual Stresses In The Rim Of Railroad Forged Wheels
Registro en:
Journal Of Nondestructive Evaluation. , v. 28, n. 2, p. 91 - 100, 2009.
1959298
10.1007/s10921-009-0051-y
2-s2.0-67449104645
Autor
Santos A.A.
dos Santos G.F.M.
de Santos F.C.
Andrino M.H.
Rosario J.M.
Institución
Resumen
The process of manufacturing wrought railroad wheels consists of forging heated blocks of steel, which are machined, heated, and quenched to reach the correct level of the mechanical properties to be used in railroads. The process generates compressive hoop stresses in the wheel rim. In field conditions, the original stress pattern can be changed mainly by overheating, which is caused by severe braking. The change from compressive stresses in the rim to traction can facilitate crack propagation. Indeed, even a small crack can propagate suddenly, causing a derailment. This work presents a new approach to evaluate the stresses generated by braking heating. It is based on the acoustoelastic effect, which relates the wave speed of ultrasonic waves to the strain state of the part. The method uses longitudinal critically refracted waves and a simplified system based on ultrasonic commercial products. The results show that the method is a stress sensitive and high resolution way to improve the safety of railroad wheels, making it a suitable alternative to be used at maintenance shops. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009. 28 2 91 100 Schramm, R.E., (1999) Rev. Sci. Instrum., 70, p. 1468 Schneider, E., Ultrasonic techniques (1997) Structural and Residual Stress Analysis By Nondestructive Methods, pp. 522-563. , In: Hauk, V. (ed.) Elsevier, Amsterdam Schneider, E., Herzer, R., Bruche, D., Frotscher, H., Ultrasonic characterization of stress states in rims of railroad wheels (1994) Nondestructive Characterization of Materials VI, pp. 699-706. , In: Plenum Press, New York Santos, A.A., Bray, D.E., (2000) Rev. Sci. Instrum., 71, p. 3464 Matsukaki, E.H., Saito, E.H., Santos, A.A., Ferracini, E.G., Galli, L.A.F., Aplicação de interferometria a laser para a medição de tensões em chapas metálicas Proceedings of V National Congress of Mechanical Engineering-CONEM, , In: Salvador, Bahia, Brazil (1994) AAR-Association of American Railroads: Wheel and Axle Manual, , Section G. Washington, DC, USA Minicucci, D.J., Avaliação de tensões por ultra-som no aro de rodas ferroviárias forjadas novas-classe C (2003), p. 119. , Master Thesis, University of Campinas-UnicampBray, D.E., (2008) Table of Acoustoelastic Coefficients, , http://brayengr.com/acoustoelasticcoeff2.htm, Accessed in October 28th Pao, Y.-H., Wu, T.-T., Gamer, U., (1991) J. Appl. Mech., 58, p. 11 Minicucci, D.J., Santos, A.A., Andrino, M.H., Carvalho, F.C., (2007) J. Test. Eval., 35, p. 100149 Musgrave, M.J.P., (1970) Crystal Acoustics, , Holden-Day, Oakland Ortega, L.P.C., Análise de Tensões por ultra-som Através da Refração de Ondas com Incidência Oblíqua (2001), p. 178. , Ph.D. Dissertation, COPPE, Rio de JaneiroBrown, J.R., (1989) CREWES Research Reports, 17, pp. 245-254. , nut.geo.ucalgary.ca/ForOurSponsors/ResearchReports/1989/1989-17.pdf Hughes, D.S., Kelly, J.L., (1953) Phys. Rev., 92 (5), pp. 1145-1149 Egle, D.M., Bray, D.E., Measurement of acoustoelasticity and third order elastic constants for rail steel (1976) J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 60, pp. 741-744 (1984) AAR-Association of American Railroads: M-107 Wrought Carbon Steel Wheels: Manual of Standards and Recommended Practices, , Washington, DC, USA Santos, F.C., Modelo numérico elastoplástico de contato com rolamento aplicado à análise de fadiga de rodas ferroviárias , p. 222. , Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Campinas-UnicampSantos, G.F.M., Santos, A.A., Andrino, M.H., Santos, F.C., Effect of braking heating on the propagation of longitudinal critically refracted waves in the rims of railroad wheels (2005) Proceedings of 8th IHHA Conference, , In: Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil Fraga, R.S., Avaliação da profundidade de penetração de ondas longitudinais criticamente refratadas (2007), p. 142. , Master Thesis, University of Campinas-UnicampSantos, R.A., Efeito da Temperatura sobre a Medição de Tensão por Ondas Lcr em Aços API 5L X70 (2007), p. 150. , Master Thesis, University of Campinas-UnicampSchramm, R.E., Szelazek, J., Clark Jr., A.V., Residual stress in induction-heated railroad wheels: Ultrasonic and saw cut measurements (1995), 28, p. 54. , National Institute of Standards and Technology-NIST, Report nSchramm, R.E., Szelazek, J., Clark Jr., A.V., Dynamometer-induced residual stress in railroad wheels: Ultrasonic and saw cut measurements (1995), 30, p. 54. , National Institute of Standards and Technology-NIST, Report n