Among vertebrates, defensive behaviours have been reviewed for fishes, salamanders, reptiles, birds, and mammals, but not yet for anuran amphibians. Although several defensive strategies have been reported for anurans, with a few exceptions these reports are limited in scope and scattered in the literature. This fact may be due to the lack of a comprehensive review on the defensive strategies of anurans, which could offer a basis for further studies and insights on the basic mechanisms that underlie these strategies, and thus lead to theoretical assumptions of their efficacy and evolution. Here we review the present knowledge on defensive behavioural tactics employed by anurans, add new data on already reported behaviours, describe new behaviours, and speculate about their origins. A total of 30 defensive behaviours (some with a few sub-categories) are here recognised. The terminology already adopted is here organised and some neologies are proposed. Some of the behaviours here treated seem to have an independent origin, whereas others could have evolved from pre-existent physiological and behavioural features. The role of predators in the evolution of defensive behaviours is still scarcely touched upon and this overview adds data to explore this and other evolutionary unsolved questions. © 2011 Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica dell'Università, Firenze, Italia.231125Andreone, F., Boophis albilabris (NCN). Defensive behavior (2002) Herpetological Review, 33 (4), pp. 299-300Angulo, A., Funk, W.C., Hyla calcarata (Rana de Espolones) and Hyla fasciata (NCN). Defensive behavior (2006) Herpetological Review, 37 (2), pp. 203-204Azevedo-Ramos, C., Defensive behaviors of the Neotropical treefrog Hyla geographica (Anura, Hylidae) (1995) Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 55 (1), pp. 45-47Bajger, J., Diversity of defensive responses in populations of fire toads (Bombina bombina and Bombina variegata) (1980) Herpetologica, 36 (2), pp. 133-137Barbour, T., A contribution of the zoogeography of the West Indies, with especial reference to amphibians and reptiles (1914) Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 44, pp. 242-243Behler, J.L., Behler, D.A., (2005) Frogs: A Chorus of Colors, , New York: Sterling PublishingBertoluci, J., Brassaloti, R.A., Sawakuchi, H.O., Ribeiro Jr., J.W., Woehl Jr., G., Defensive behavior with stiff-legged posture in the Brazilian tree toads Dendrophryniscus brevipollicatus and D. leucomystax (Anura, Bufonidae) (2007) Alytes, 25 (1-2), pp. 38-44Blair, A.P., Defensive use of parotoid secretion by Bufo marinus (1947) Copeia, p. 137Boice, R., Williams, R.C., Delay in onset of tonic immobility in Rana pipiens (1971) Copeia, (4), pp. 747-748Boulenger, G.A., Further notes on the African batrachians Trichobatrachus and Gampsosteonyx (1902) Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 1901 (2), pp. 709-710Brodie III, E.D., Brodie Jr., E.D., Predator-prey arms races (1999) BioScience, 49 (7), pp. 557-568Brodie Jr., E.D., Salamander antipredator postures (1977) Copeia, pp. 523-535Brodie Jr., E.D., Antipredator adaptation of salamanders: Evolution and convergence among terrestrial species (1983) Plant, Animal, and Microbial Adaptation to Terrestrial Environments, pp. 109-133. , Margaris N.S. et al., Eds.New York: PlenumBrodie Jr., E.D., Antipredator behavior of Chinese salamanders (1990) Zoological Research, 11 (1), pp. 7-18Brodie Jr., E.D., Formanowicz Jr., D.R., Palatability and antipredator behavior of the treefrog Hyla versicolor to the shrew Blarina brevicauda (1981) Journal of Herpetology, 15 (2), pp. 235-236Brodie Jr., E.D., Nussbaum, R.A., Antipredator responses of Rana tigrina to a crow (1987) Herpetological Review, 18 (1), pp. 8-9Brodie Jr., E.D., Nussbaum, R.A., Digiovanni, M., Antipredator adaptations of Asian salamanders (Salamandridae) (1984) Herpetologica, 30, pp. 79-85Brodie Jr., E.D., Tumbarello, M.S., The antipredator functions of Dendrobates auratus (Amphibia, Anura, Dendrobatidae) skin secretion in regard to a snake predator (Thamnophis) (1978) Journal of Herpetology, 12 (2), pp. 264-265Brodie Jr., E.D., Williams, C.R., Tyler, M.J., Evolution of aposematic behavior and coloration in the Australian frog genus Uperoleia (1998) Journal of Herpetology, 32 (1), pp. 136-139Brusquetti, F., Baldo, D., Motte, M., Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae, Melanophryniscus krauczuki: Geographic distribution map and first record for Paraguay (2007) Check List, 3 (2), pp. 141-142Caro, T., (2005) Antipredator Defenses in Birds and Mammals, , Chicago/London: The University of Chicago PressCarvalho Jr., R.R., Leptodactylus mystacinus (Mustached Frog). Deimatic behavior (2005) Herpetological Review, 36 (2), p. 161Cei, J.M., (1962) Batracios de Chile, , Santiago: Editora de la Universidad del ChileCei, J.M., Amphibians of Argentina (1980) Monitore Zoologico Italiano (N.S.) Monografia, p. 2Cei, J.M., Espina, S., La vibración sexual preventiva ("warning vibration") en Pleurodema chilenas (1957) Investigaciones Zoológicas Chilenas, 4, pp. 15-21Channing, A., Howell, K., Phlyctimantis keithae (Wot-wot). Defensive behavior (2003) Herpetological Review, 34 (1), pp. 52-53Chuaynkern, Y., Inthara, C., Duengkae, P., Leptobrachium smithi (Smith's Litter Frog). Antipredator behavior (2007) Herpetological Review, 38 (3), pp. 323-324Chuaynkern, Y., Inthara, C., Kumtong, P., Kaloula pulchra (Painted Burrowing Frog). Antipredator behavior (2008) Herpetological Review, 39 (2), p. 208Cook, C.L., Ferguson, W.H., Telford, S.R., Adaptive male parental care in the giant bullfrog, Pyxicephalus adspersus (2001) Journal of Herpetology, 35 (2), pp. 310-315Das, I., Leong, T.M., Hui, H., Nyctixalus pictus (Cinnamon Tree Frog). Defensive behavior (2004) Herpetological Review, 35 (4), pp. 373-374Dodd Jr., C.K., A bibliography of anuran defensive mechanisms (1976) Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service, 37, pp. 1-10Donoso-Barros, R., Datos adicionales y comportamiento agresivo de Calyptocephalella caudiverbera (Linnaeus) (1972) Boletin de la Sociedad de Biologia de Concepcion, 45, pp. 95-103Drake, D.L., Ranvestel, A.W., Hyalinobatrachium colymbiphyllum (Glass Frog). Egg mass defense (2005) Herpetological Review, 36 (4), p. 434Duellman, W.E., Klaas, L.T., The biology of the hylid frog Triprion petasatus (1964) Copeia, (2), pp. 308-321Duellman, W.E., Lizana, M., Biology of a sit-and-wait predator, the leptodactylid frog Ceratophrys cornuta (1994) Herpetologica, 50, pp. 51-64Duellman, W.E., Trueb, L., (1994) Biology of Amphibians, , Baltimore, London: The Johns Hopkins University PressEdmunds, M., (1974) Defence in Animals: A Survey of Anti-predator Defences, , New York: LongmanEisner, T., (2005) Secret Weapons: Defenses of Insects, Spiders, Scorpions, and Other Many-legged Creatures, , New York: Harvard University PressEmerson, S.B., Skull shape in frogs: Correlations with diet (1985) Herpetologica, 41, pp. 177-188Evans, D.L., Schmidt, J.O., (1990) Insect Defenses, , Albany: State University of New York PressFabrezi, M., A survey of prepollex and prehallux variation in anuran limbs (2001) Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 131, pp. 227-248Fabrezi, M., Emerson, S.B., Parallelism and convergence in anuran fangs (2003) Journal of Zoology, 260, pp. 41-51Faivovich, J., Haddad, C.F.B., Garcia, P.C.A., Frost, D.R., Campbell, J.A., Wheeler, W.C., Systematic review of the frog family Hylidae, with special reference to Hylinae: Phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision (2005) Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 294, pp. 1-240Firschein, L., Phragmosis and the "unken reflex" in a Mexican hylid frog, Pternohyla fodiens (1951) Copeia, 1, p. 74Formas, J.R., Poblete, V., Eupsophus emiliopugini (NCN). Aggressive behavior (1996) Herpetological Review, 27 (3), pp. 139-140Frost, D.R., (2010) Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference, , http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/, Version 5.4 (8 April, 2010). Electronic database accessible,New York: American Museum of Natural HistoryGarcia, P.C.A., Scytroprhys sawayae (NCN). Defensive behavior (1999) Herpetological Review, 30 (4), p. 224García-París, M., Deban, S.M., A novel antipredator mechanism in salamanders: Rolling escape in Hydromantes platycephalus (1995) Journal of Herpetology, 29 (1), pp. 149-151Giaretta, A.A., Cardoso, A., Reproductive behavior of Cycloramphus dubius Miranda-Ribeiro (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae) (1995) Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 12 (2), pp. 229-232Giaretta, A.A., Martins, L., Notes on the call and behavior of Arcovomer passarellii (Anura: Microhylidae) (2009) Herpetology Notes, 2, pp. 91-93Grant, J.B., Rana palustris (Pickerel Frog). Production of odor (2001) Herpetological Review, 32 (2), p. 183Green, D.M., Antipredator behaviour and skin glands in the New Zealand native frogs, genus Leiopelma (1988) New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 15, pp. 39-45Greenbaum, E., The influence of prey-scent stimuli on predatory behavior of the North American copperhead Agkistrodon contortrix (Serpentes: Viperidae) (2004) Behavioral Ecology, 15, pp. 345-350Greene, H.W., Antipredator mechanism in reptiles (1988) Biology of the Reptilia, 16, pp. 1-152. , Gans C. & Huey R., Eds., New York: Alan R. LissHaberl, W., Wilkinson, J.W., A note on the unkenreflex and similar defensive postures in Rana temporaria (Anura, Amphibia) (1997) British Herpetological Society Bulletin, 61, pp. 16-20Haddad, C.F.B., Giaretta, A.A., Visual and acoustic communication in the Brazilian torrent frog, Hylodes asper (Anura: Leptodactylidae) (1999) Herpetologica, 55, pp. 324-333Hagman, M., Dendrobates pumilio (Poison Frog). Poisoning (2006) Herpetological Review, 37 (1), pp. 73-74Hall, J.A., Larsen Jr., J.H., Fitzner, R.E., Morphology of the prometamorphic larva of the spadefoot toad, Scaphiopus intermontanus (Anura: Pelobatidae), with an emphasis on the lateral line system and mouthparts (2002) Journal of Morphology, 252 (2), pp. 114-130Hanson, J.A., Vial, J.L., Defensive behavior and effects of toxins in Bufo alvarius (1956) Herpetologica, 12, pp. 141-149Harbel, W., Wilkinson, J.W., A note on the unkenreflex and similar defensive postures in Rana temporaria (Anura, Amphibia) (1997) British Herpetological Society Bulletin, 61, pp. 16-20. , HARPER E. & VONESH J.R. (in press). Field guide to the amphibians of the East Usambara MountainsHartmann, M.T., Giasson, L.O.M., Hartmann, P.A., Haddad, C.F.B., Visual communication in Brazilian species of anurans from the Atlantic forest (2005) Journal of Natural History, 39 (19), pp. 1675-1685Hartmann, M.T., Hartmann, P.A., Prado, C.P.A., Garcia, P.C.A., Cycloramphus boraceiensis (Flattened Waterfall Frog). Defensive behavior (2003) Herpetological Review, 34 (1), p. 50Heyer, R.W., Scott Jr., N.J., The advertisement call of Leptodactylus laticeps (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae): Predatory aural luring? (2006) Herpetological Natural History, 9 (2), pp. 189-194Heying, H.E., Mantella laevigata (Climbing Mantella). Aborted predation (2001) Herpetological Review, 32, p. 34Jared, C., Antoniazzi, M.M., Navas, C.A., Katchburian, E., Freymüller, E., Tambourgi, D.V., Rodrigues, M.T., Head co-ossification, phragmosis and defence in the casque-headed tree frog Corythomantis greeningi (2005) Journal of Zoology, 265, pp. 1-8Jungfer, K.H., Reproduction and parental care of the coronated treefrog, Anotheca spinosa (1996) Herpetologica, 52 (1), pp. 25-32Kizirian, D., Coloma, L.A., Paredes-Recalde, A., A new treefrog (Hylidae: Hyla) from southern Ecuador and a description of its antipredator behavior (2003) Herpetologica, 59 (3), pp. 339-349Kok, P.J.R., Benjamin, P., Lenglet, G.L., Stefania woodleyi (Woodley's Treefrog). Defensive behavior (2007) Herpetological Review, 38 (2), p. 198Kokubum, M.N.C., Bufo ocellatus (NCN). Death feigning (2005) Herpetological Review, 36 (2), p. 160Kokubum, M.N.C., Menin, M., Elachistocleis ovalis (NCN). Defensive behavior (2002) Herpetological Review, 33 (3), p. 198Kolenc, F., Borteiro, C., Baldo, D., Ferraro, D.P., Prigioni, C., The tadpoles and advertisement calls of Pleurodema bibroni Tschudi and Pleurodema kriegi (Müller), with notes on their geographic distribution and conservation status (Amphibia, Anura, Leiuperidae) (2009) Zootaxa, 1969, pp. 1-35Kwet, A., Solé, M., Elachistocleis erythrogaster (Red-bellied Oval Frog). Defensive behavior (2002) Herpetological Review, 33 (1), p. 46Lenzi-Mattos, R., Antoniazzi, M.M., Haddad, C.F.B., Tambourgi, D.V., Rodrigues, M.T., Jared, C., The inguinal macroglands of the frog Physalaemus nattereri (Leptodactylidae): Structure, toxic secretion and relationship with deimatic behaviour (2005) Journal of Zoology, 266, pp. 385-394Livo, L.J., Chiszar, D., Smith, H.M., Spea multiplicata (New Mexico Spadefoot). Defensive posture (1997) Herpetological Review, 28 (3), p. 148Löhner, L., Über einem eigentümlichen Reflex der Feuerunken (1919) Archiv fur Die Gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere, 174, pp. 324-351Loveridge, A., African native attacked by a frog (1945) Copeia, 4, p. 31Lutz, A., Lutz, B., Mosquitos biting batrachians and phragmosis in casque-headed frogs (1939) Anais da Academia Brasieleira de Ciências, 11, pp. 250-252Lynch, J.D., Evolutionary relationships, osteology, and zoogeography of leptodactylids frogs (1971) Miscellaneous Publication of the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, 53, pp. 1-238Manzanilla, J., La Marca, E., Villareal, O., Sanchez, D., Phrynohyas venulosa (Veined treefrog, "rana lechosa"). Antipredator device (1998) Herpetological Review, 29 (1), pp. 39-40Marchisin, A., Anderson, J.D., Strategies employed by frogs and toads (Amphibia, Anura) to avoid predation by snakes (Reptilia, Serpentes) (1978) Journal of Herpetology, 12 (2), pp. 151-155Martins, M., Deimatic behavior in Pleurodema brachyops (1989) Journal of Herpetology, 23 (3), pp. 305-307Martins, M., Defensive tactics in lizard and snakes: The potential contribution of the Neotropical fauna (1996) Anais Do XIV Encontro Anual de Etologia, pp. 185-199. , Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Brasil, Sociedade Brasileira de EtologiaMartins, M., Pombal Jr., J.P., Haddad, C.F.B., Escalated aggressive behaviour and facultative parental care in the nest building gladiator frog, Hyla faber (1998) Amphibia-Reptilia, 19, pp. 65-73McCallum, M.L., Acris crepitans (Northern Cricket Frog). Death feigning (1999) Herpetological Review, 30 (2), p. 90McCallum, M.L., Klotz, T.L., Trauth, S.E., Rana sylvatica (Wood frog). Death feigning (2003) Herpetological Review, 34 (1), pp. 54-55McDiarmid, R.W., Gorzula, S., Aspects of the reproductive ecology and behavior of the Tepui toads, genus Oreophrynella (Amphibia, Bufonidae) (1989) Copeia, pp. 445-451Means, D.B., Rana capito (Florida Gopher Frog). Defensive behavior (2004) Herpetological Review, 35 (2), pp. 163-164Menin, M., Rodrigues, D.J., Ctenophryne geayi (Brow Egg Frog). Behavior (2007) Herpetological Review, 38 (2), p. 182Morey, S., Reznick, D., A comparative analysis of plasticity in larval development in three species of spadefoot toads (2000) Ecology, 81 (6), pp. 1736-1749Myers, C.W., The distribution and behavior of a tropical Horned frog, Cerathyla panamensis Stejneger (1966) Herpetologica, 22 (1), pp. 68-71Napoli, M.F., Xenohyla truncata (NCN). Antipredator behavior (2001) Herpetological Review, 32 (1), pp. 36-37Navas, C.A., Gomes, F.R., Time in captivity as a confounding variable in Herpetological research: An example from the metabolic physiology of treefrogs (Scinax) (2001) Herpetological Review, 32, pp. 228-230Nincheri, R., Andreone, F., Plethodontohyla tuberata (NCN). Defensive behavior (2002) Herpetological Review, 33 (2), p. 127Noble, G.K., (1931) The Biology of the Amphibia, , New York: McGraw Hill Book CompanyPearl, C.A., Hayes, M.P., Predation by Oregon spotted frogs (Rana pretiosa) on western toads (Bufo boreas) in Oregon (2002) American Midland Naturalist, 147 (1), pp. 145-152Perret, J.L., La biologie d'Acanthixalus spinosus (Amphibia Salientia) (1961) Recherches et Études Camerounaises, 1, pp. 90-101Pough, F.H., Andrews, R.M., Cadle, J.E., Crump, M.L., Savitzky, A.H., Wells, K.D., (1998) Herpetology, , New Jersey: Prentice HallPowell, R.L., Lieb, C.S., Hyla arenicolor (Canyon Tree Frog). Toxic skin secretions (2003) Herpetological Review, 34 (3), p. 230Prado, C.P.A., Uetanabaro, M., Lopes, F.S., Reproductive strategies of Leptodactylus chaquensis and L. podicipinus in the Pantanal, Brazil (2000) Journal of Herpetology, 34 (1), pp. 135-139Randall, J.E., A review of mimicry in marine fishes (2005) Zoological Studies, 44 (3), pp. 299-328Roberts, W.E., Explosive breeding aggregations and parachuting in a Neotropical frog, Agalychnis saltator (Hylidae) (1994) Journal of Herpetology, 28 (2), pp. 193-199Rocha, C.F.D., Sluys, M.V., Bergallo, H.G., Alves, A.S., Vrcibradic, D., Zachaenus parvulus (Leaf frog). Defensive behavior and color pattern (1998) Herpetological Review, 29 (4), pp. 232-233Rödel, M.O., Braun, U., Associations between anurans and ants in a west African savanna (Anura: Microhylidae, Hyperoliidae, and Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (1999) Biotropica, 31 (1), pp. 178-183Rödel, M.O., Ernst, R., Redescription of the tadpole of Phlyctimantis boulengeri Perret, 1986, with preliminary comments on the biology of the species (2001) Alytes, 18, pp. 178-186Rodrigues, A.F., Oliveira Filho, J.C., Physalaemus nattereri (NCN). Attempted predation (2004) Herpetological Review, 35 (2), pp. 160-161Sazima, I., Experimental predation on the leaf-frog Phyllomedusa rohdei by the water snake Liophis miliaris (1974) Journal of Herpetology, 8 (4), pp. 376-377Sazima, I., Distress call in the newly metamorphosed smith frog, Hyla faber Wied (1975) Herpetologica, 31 (4), pp. 471-472Sazima, I., Convergent defensive behavior of two leaf-litter frog of southeastern Brazil (1978) Biotropica, 10 (2), p. 158Sazima, I., Theatrical frogs and crafty snakes: Predation of visually-signaling frogs by tailluring and ambushing pitvipers (2006) Aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology, 11 (3), pp. 117-124Sazima, I., Caramaschi, U., Descrição de Physalaemus deimaticus, sp. n., e observações sobre comportamento deimático em P. nattereri (Steindn.)-Anura, Leptodactylidae (1986) Revista de Biologia, 13 (1-4), pp. 91-101Schlüter, A.S., Salas, A.W.L., Reproduction, tadpoles, and ecological aspects of three syntopic microhylid species from Peru (Amphibia: Mycrohylidae) (1991) Stuttgarter Beiträge Zur Naturkunde (A), pp. 1-17Scott, N.J., Aquino, A.L., It's a frog-eat-frog world in the Paraguayan Chaco: Food habits, anatomy, and behavior of the frog-eating anurans (2005) Ecology and Evolution in the Tropics: A Herpetological Perspective, pp. 243-259. , Donelly M.A. et al., Eds.Chicago: The University of Chicago PressSmith, B.P.C., Williams, C.R., Tyler, M.J., Williams, B.D., A survey of frog odorous secretions, their possible functions and phylogenetic significance (2004) Applied Herpetology, 2, pp. 47-82Stebbins, R.C., Cohen, N.W., (1995) A Natural History of Amphibians, , Princeton: Princeton University PressStuart, L.C., A contribution to a knowledge of the herpetology of a portion of the savannah region of central Péten, Guatemala (1935) Miscellaneous Publication of the Museum of Zoology, 29, pp. 1-56. , University of MichiganToledo, L.F., Scinax fuscomarginatus (NCN). Defensive behavior (2004) Herpetological Review, 35 (4), pp. 377-378Toledo, L.F., Bufo cf. crucifer (Sapo Cururu). Defensive behavior (2004) Herpetological Review, 35 (4), pp. 370-371Toledo, L.F., Predation of juvenile and adult anurans by invertebrates: Current knowledge and perspectives (2005) Herpetological Review, 36 (4), pp. 395-400Toledo, L.F., Haddad, C.F.B., Colors and some morphological traits as defensive mechanisms in anurans (2009) International Journal of Zoology, pp. 1-12. , 910892Toledo, L.F., Haddad, C.F.B., Defensive vocalizations of Neotropical anurans (2009) South American Journal of Herpetology, 4 (1), pp. 25-42Toledo, L.F., Zina, J.P., Proceratophrys boiei (Smooth Horned Toad). Defensive behavior (2004) Herpetological Review, 35 (4), p. 375Toledo, L.F., Guimarães, L.D., Lima, L.P., Bastos, R.P., Haddad, C.F.B., Notes on courtship, egg-laying site, and defensive behavior of Epipedobates flavopictus (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from two mountain ranges of central and southeastern Brazil (2004) Phyllomedusa, 3 (2), pp. 145-147Toledo, L.F., Tozetti, A., Zina, J., Leptodactylus labyrinthicus (Pepper Frog): Defensive repertoire (2005) Herpetological Bulletin, 90, pp. 29-31Toledo, L.F., Silva, R.R., Haddad, C.F.B., Anurans as prey: An exploratory analysis and size relationships between predators and their prey (2007) Journal of Zoology, 271, pp. 170-177Toledo, L.F., Araújo, O.G.S., Guimarães, L., Lingau, R., Haddad, C.F.B., Visual and acoustic signaling in three species of Brazilian nocturnal tree frogs (Anura, Hylidae) (2007) Phyllomedusa, 6 (1), pp. 61-68Toledo, L.F., Sazima, I., Haddad, C.F.B., Is it all death feigning? Case in anurans (2010) Journal of Natural History, , pressToledo, R.C., Jared, C., Cutaneous granular glands and amphibian venoms (1995) Comparative Biochemestry and Physiology, 111 A (1), pp. 1-29Torr, G.A., Uperoleia laevigata (NCN). Behavior (1991) Herpetological Review, 22 (4), pp. 129-130Vaira, M., Leptodactylus bolivianus (NCN). Behavior (1997) Herpetological Review, 28 (4), p. 200Vaz-Ferreira, R., Gehrau, A., Protección de la prole en leptodactylidos (1974) Revista de Biología Del Uruguay, 2 (1), pp. 59-62Vaz-Ferreira, R., Gehrau, A., Comportamiento epimeletico de la rana comun, Leptodactylus ocellatus (L.) (Amphibia, Leptodactylidae) I. Atencion de la cria y actividades alimentares y agressivas relacionadas (1975) Physis (B), 34 (88), pp. 1-14Villa, J., Comportamiento defensivo de la (1969) Revista de Biología Tropical, 15 (2), pp. 323-329Vrcibradic, D., Van Sluys, M., Hyla alvarengai (NCN). Death feigning and size at maturity (2000) Herpetological Review, 31 (1), pp. 40-41Waye, H.L., Shewchuk, C.H., Scaphiopus intermontanus (Great Basin Spadefoot). Production of odor (1995) Herpetological Review, 26 (2), pp. 98-99Wells, K.D., (2007) The Ecology and Behavior of Amphibians, , Chicago: The University of Chicago PressWilkinson, J.A., Rana draytonii (California Red-Legged Frog). Defensive behavior (2006) Herpetological Review, 37 (2), pp. 207-208Williams, C.R., Brodie Jr., E.D., Tyler, M.J., Walker, S.J., Antipredator mechanisms of Australian frogs (2000) Journal of Herpetology, 34 (3), pp. 431-443Zaccone, G., Marchalonis, J.J., Schluter, S.F., Meseguer, J., Kapoor, B.G., (2009) Fish Defenses, , Enfield (USA), Plymouth (UK): Science PublishersZamprogno, C., Zamprogno, M.G.F., Teixeira, R.L., Bufo paracnemis (Sapo-boi). Death feigning (1998) Herpetological Review, 29 (2), pp. 96-97