This review describes the use of catalytic asymmetric aldol reactions of silyl enol ethers and silyl (thio)ketene acetals with aldehydes (the Mukaiyama aldol reaction) in order to illustrate its synthetic utility. A variety of Lewis acid and basic reagents were employed for catalytic aldol reactions with high diastereo- and enantioselectivities. The origins of the selectivity of these reactions are discussed and some representative examples of their application in the synthesis of natural products are presented. New developments in chiral heterobimettalic lanthanoid catalysis and enantioselective aldol reactions in aqueous media are also included.531541Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)