Living cells have developed a set of complex signaling responses, which allow them to withstand different environmental challenges. Signaling pathways enable the cell to monitor external and internal states and to articulate ...

The specific role of the chloride anion (Cl−) as a signalling effector or second messenger has been increasingly recognized in recent years. It could represent a key factor in the regulation of cellular homeostasis. Changes ...

Upon triggering by their inducer, signal transduction ATPases with numerous domains (STANDs), initially in monomeric resting forms, multimerize into large hubs that activate target macromolecules. This process requires ...

Ultrasensitive response motifs, capable of converting graded stimuli into binary responses, are well-conserved in signal transduction networks. Although it has been shown that a cascade arrangement of multiple ultrasensitive ...

The concept of the role(s) of parathyroid hormone (PTH), has expanded from that on acting on the classical target tissues, bone and kidney, to the intestine where its actions are of regulatory and developmental importance: ...

The potent tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) induces activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factors, early response genes involved in a diverse set of transcriptional regulatory processes, and ...

Allatotropin is a pleiotropic peptide originally characterized in insects. The existence of AT neuropeptide signaling was proposed in other invertebrates. In fact, we previously proposed the presence of an AT-like system ...

Successful fertilization depends on active molecular dialogues that the male gametophyte can establish with the pistil and the female gametophyte. Pollen grains and stigmas must recognize each other; pollen tubes need to ...

Plants are a source of commercially important secondary metabolites. Elicitation of plant cells in culture represents a useful biotechnological tool to improve the production of these valuable metabolites. Greater knowledge ...

We used a model system of purified components to explore the effects of a downstream target on the signaling properties of a covalent modification cycle, an example of retroactivity. In the experimental system used, a ...