The Molecular Evolution of the living organisms is a slow process that occurs over the years producing mutations and recombinations at the genetic material, i.e. at the DNA. The mutations can occur as nucleotide remotion, ...

Exon shuffling has been characterized as one of the major evolutionary forces shaping both the genome and the proteome of eukaryotes. This mechanism was particularly important in the creation of multidomain proteins during ...

The development of model to support pipeline network operation management is an optimization problem which involves complex operational constraints. The product transport through pipelines proves reliable and economical, ...

The Cry11 family belongs to a large group of d-endotoxins that share three distinct structural domains. Among the dipteran-active toxins referred to as three-domain Cry11 toxins, the Cry11Aa protein from Bacillus ...

An important goal in evolutionary biology is to understand the genetic changes underlying novel morphological structures. We investigated the origins of a complex wing pattern found among Amazonian Heliconius butterflies. ...