The physiological costs of reproduction can be measured as the energy allocated to reproductive activities. In fiddler crabs, females allocate energy to vitellogenesis and brooding, whereas males perform expensive courtship ...

Drastic membrane reorganization occurs when mammalian sperm binds to and fuses with the oocyte membrane. Two oocyte protein families are essential for fertilization, tetraspanins and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored ...