Background and Aims: The most widespread form of protective mutualisms is represented by plants bearing extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) that attract ants and other arthropods for indirect defence. Another, but less common, ...

Augmentative biocontrol implemented through inoculative seasonal releases of one or more biological control agents has proven to be a reliable crop protection approach in greenhouse and open field crops. The South American ...

The Phenomenological Universalities are a formal way to classify growth. We apply this concept to investigate interactive growth phenomena in biological and ecological systems. Using a vector formulation of these Universalities ...

The immune system plays an essential role in distinguishing between self and non-self and hence protecting the host from infections. Upon the pathogen encounter, the host seeks to ensure an adequate inflammatory reaction ...