Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an important myokine that is highly expressed in skeletal muscle cells upon exercise. We assessed IL-6 expression in response to electrical stimulation (ES) or extracellular ATP as a known mediator ...

S. Electrical stimulation induces IL-6 in skeletal muscle through extracellular ATP by activating Ca2 signals and an IL-6 autocrine loop. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 306: E869 –E882, 2014. First published February ...

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a pleiotropic peptide hormone that is considered a myokine playing a role in a variety of endocrine functions, including regulation of glucose transport and lipid metabolism. Although ...

© 2016 Elsevier B.V. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a neuromuscular disease originated by mutations in the dystrophin gene. A promising therapeutic approach deals with functional substitution of dystrophin by utrophin, ...

© 2017 Maria L. Mizgier et al. Fasting to postprandial transition requires a tight adjustment of insulin secretion to its demand, so tissue (e.g., skeletal muscle) glucose supply is assured while hypo-/hyperglycemia are ...

Inflammatory markers are increased systematically and locally (e.g., skeletal muscle) in stroke patients. Besides being associated with cardiovascular risk factors, proinflammatory cytokines seem to play a key role in ...

Pancreatic beta cells sense glucose flux and release as much insulin as required in order to maintain glycaemia within a narrow range. Insulin secretion is regulated by many factors including glucose, incretins, and ...