Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an important myokine that is highly expressed in skeletal muscle cells upon exercise. We assessed IL-6 expression in response to electrical stimulation (ES) or extracellular ATP as a known mediator ...

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a pleiotropic peptide hormone that is considered a myokine playing a role in a variety of endocrine functions, including regulation of glucose transport and lipid metabolism. Although ...

© 2016 Elsevier B.V. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a neuromuscular disease originated by mutations in the dystrophin gene. A promising therapeutic approach deals with functional substitution of dystrophin by utrophin, ...

© 2017 Maria L. Mizgier et al. Fasting to postprandial transition requires a tight adjustment of insulin secretion to its demand, so tissue (e.g., skeletal muscle) glucose supply is assured while hypo-/hyperglycemia are ...

Myostatin is a myokine that regulates muscle function and mass, producing muscle atrophy. Myostatin induces the degradation of myofibrillar proteins, such as myosin heavy chain or troponin. The main pathway that mediates ...

IL-6 is usually described as a pleiotropic cytokine produced in response to tissue injury or infection. As a pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-6 activates innate and adaptative immune responses. IL-6 is released in the innate ...

The masticatory system is a complex and highly organized group of structures, including craniofacial bones (maxillae and mandible), muscles, teeth, joints, and neurovascular elements. While the musculoskeletal structures ...