The definition of male hypogonadism used in adult endocrinology is not fully applicable to paediatrics. A clear understanding of the developmental physiology of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis is essential for ...

The diagnostic suspicion of congenital central hypogonadism is based on clinical signs. Biochemical confirmation is challenging, especially after the postnatal activation stage of the hypothalamic–pituitary–testicular axis. ...

Objectives: The objective of this review was to characterize the use of biomarkers of male hypogonadism in childhood and adolescence. Contents: The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is active during fetal life and ...

In early fetal development, the testis secretes – independent of pituitary gonadotropins – androgens and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) that are essential for male sex differentiation. In the second half of fetal life, the ...

Background: Congenital hypopituitarism is an uncommon cause of hypophyseal insufficiency. It is less common than growth hormone deficiency, which has an incidence of 1:4.000 to 1:8.000 live newborns. Early diagnosis of ...

Testicular dysfunction was observed in 57.1% and androgen end- organ defects in 7.2% of patients with hypospadias associated with cryptorchidism, micropenis, or ambiguous genitalia. In the remaining 35.7%, the disorder was ...

Objective: To describe genetic evaluation and response to surgery and letrozole therapy of a 46,XX/SRY-negative true hermaphrodite. Design: Case report. Setting: University Medical Center. Patient(s): Nineteen-year-old ...