Biofouling is a natural process that involves the settlement and growth of organisms on natural or man-made structures and leads to material deterioration, generating severe technical and economic problems. The use of ...

The growth of fouling communities on ships' hulls causes economic losses due to increased fuel consumption and to the deterioration of the metallic substrate by corrosion. Antifouling paints are formulated to avoid the ...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to reduce the amount of copper in antifouling paints by using eugenol as an additive. Biofouling leads to deterioration of any submerged material. The most widespread method for control ...

Cuprous oxide is the most commonly used biocide in antifouling paints. However, copper has harmful effects not only on the fouling community but also on non-target species. In the current study, we investigated the use of ...