To model the size distribution and composition of interstellar and interplanetary dust grains, and their effect on a wide range of phenomena, it is vital to understand the mechanism of dust-shock interaction. We demonstrate ...

This white paper discusses how disk polarization observations can be used to study disk and grain properties during the planet formation process. Such studies require very sensitive and high resolution multi-wavelength ...

The interiors of giant planets remain poorly understood. Even for the planets in the Solar System, difficulties in observation lead to major uncertainties in the properties of planetary cores. Exoplanets that have undergone ...

Jets, collimated outflows of particles and fields, are observed in a wide variety of astrophysical systems, including Active Galactic Nuclei of various types, micro-quasars, gamma-ray bursts, and young stellar objects. ...

We study the distribution of the energy of the protons that can produce an astrophysical neutrino with a given observed energy, in the TeV-PeV range, both through pp or pγ interactions. Due to the increasing multiplicity ...