Elasmobranchs are an evolutionarily conserved group that has success- fully survived for over 400 million years. The permanence of elasmobranch populations has largely depended on the reproductive strategies of the population, ...

In environments with cold climates, reproduction of lizards is restricted to short seasonal periods of activity, from mid-spring to early autumn. We studied the reproductive biology of Phymaturus williamsi (William’s Andean ...

The physiological costs of reproduction can be measured as the energy allocated to reproductive activities. In fiddler crabs, females allocate energy to vitellogenesis and brooding, whereas males perform expensive courtship ...

Squat lobsters frequently inhabit low-oxygen waters, facing particular physiological challenges. Pleuroncodes monodon inhabits one of the most extreme oxygen minimum zones in the world’s oceans at low temperatures, but ...

Timing of breeding to an optimal season is a requirement for a successful reproductive outcome in seasonally breeding species. Photoperiodic signals are capable of modifying the reproductive behaviour and reproductive ...