Actas de congresos
Wssd 2002, Latin America And Brazil: Biodiversity And Indigenous People
Registro en:
Environment, Development And Sustainability. , v. 5, n. 01/02/15, p. 179 - 195, 2003.
1387585X
10.1023/A:1025304905020
2-s2.0-0141797428
Autor
Begossi A.
De Avila-Pires F.D.
Institución
Resumen
Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition. In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations. In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources. 5 01/02/15 179 195 Ávila-Pires, F.D., Parasites in history (1998) Rev. Ecol. Lat. Amer., 5 (1-2), pp. 1-11 Ávila-Pires, F.D., Tropical forest ecosystems (1999) Environmental Management in Practice, 3, pp. 151-164. , B. Nath, L. Hens, P. Compton and D. Devuyst (eds.), London, Routledge Ávila-Pires, F.D., Mior, L.C., Aguiar, V.P., Schlemper, S.R., The concept of sustainable development revisited (2001) Found. Sci., 5, pp. 261-268 Azevedo, M., Ricardo, F., Indigenous lands and peoples: Recognition, growth and sustenance (2002) Population and Environment in Brazil: Rio + 10, pp. 183-206. , D.J. Hogan, E. Berquó and H.S.M. Costa (eds.), CNPD (National Commission on Populations and Development), ABEP (Brazilian Association of Population Studies), NEPO (Population Studies Center, Unicamp), chapter 8, Campinas Barney, G.O., (1983) The Global 2000 Report to the President of the U.S. 5th Edn., , New York, Pergamon Press Inc Begossi, A., Cultural and ecological resilience among caiçaras of the Atlantic Forest and caboclos of the Amazon, Brazil (1998) Linking Social and Ecological Systems, pp. 129-157. , C. Folke and F. Berkes (eds.), chapter 6, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press Begossi, A., Livelihood and sustainability in tropical environments: Atlantic and Amazonian cases (2000) Congress of the International Society of Ecological Economics Congress -+2000, , Paper presented (ISEE 2000), Canberra, Australia, July 5-8 Begossi, A., Hens, L., Special Issue: Local knowledge in the tropics: Relevance to conservation and management (2000) Environment, Development, and Sustainability, 2 Begossi, A., Leitao-Filho, H.F., Richerson, P.J., Plant uses at Búzios Island (SE Brazil) (1993) Journal of Ethnobiology, 13 (2), pp. 233-256 Begossi, A., Hanazaki, N., Tamashiro, J., Medicinal plants in the Atlantic Forest (Brazil): Knowledge, use, and conservation (2002) Human Ecology, 30, pp. 281-299 Bonnie, R., Schwartzman, S., Openheimer, M., Bloomfield, J., Counting the cost of Deforestation (2000) Science, 288, pp. 1763-1764 Bourlière, F., The evolution of the concept of nature protection (1964) IUCN Bulletin, pp. 1-2 Carmo, R.L., Population and water resources in Brazil (2002) Population and Environment in Brazil: Rio + 10, pp. 167-182. , D.J. Hogan, E. Berquó and H.S.M. Costa (eds.), CNPD (National Commission on Populations and Development), ABEP (Brazilian Association of Population Studies), NEPO (Population Studies Center, Unicamp), chapter 7, Campinas Carson, R., (1962) Silent Spring, , New York, Fawcett Crest Books Clarke, T., Sustainable development: Wanted: Scientists for sustainability (2002) Nature, 418, pp. 812-814 Crichton, M., (1970) Five Patients, , New York, Ballantine Dasmann, R.F., Milton, J.P., Freeman, Ph., (1973) Ecological Principles for Economic Development, , London, John Wiley Delaporte, F., (1999) La Maladie de Chagas, , Paris, Payot Ehrlich, P.R., (1968) The Population Bomb, , New York, Ballantine Books, Inc (1992) Rapport de la Commission des Communautées Europeénnes à la Conférence des Nations Unies sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Rio de Janeiro, June 1992, , Luxembourg, Office des publications officielles des Communautés européennes Fearnside, P., (1986) Human Carrying Capacity of the Brazilian Rainforest, , New York, Columbia University Press Fearnside, P.M., Laurance, W.F., Response to P. Frumhoff and B. Stanley on The future of the Brazilian Amazon (2001) Science, 291, pp. 438-439 Fittkau, E., Illies, J., Klinge, H., Schwabe, G., Sioli, H., (1968) Biogeography and Ecology in South America, 1. , 2 Vols, The Hague, Junk Folke, C., Carpenter, S., Elmqvist, T., Gunderson, L., Holling, C.S., Walker, B., Bengtsson Berkes, F., Svedin, U., Resilience and Sustainable Development: Building adaptive capacity in a world of transformations (2002) ICSU Series on Science and Development, (3). , Science Background Paper commissioned by the Environmental Advisory Council of the Swedish Government in preparation for WSSD Fraser, E.D.G., Mabee, W., Summit: Vague answers to well known problems (2002) Nature, 418, p. 817 Gascon, C., Williamson, B., Fonseca, G.A.B., Receding forest edges and vanishing reserves (2000) Science, 288, pp. 1356-1358 Gewin, V., UN predicts long way to repair environment (2002) Nature, 417, p. 475 Gitli, E., Murilo, C., O futuro das negociações sobre investimentos e Meio Ambiente (2002) Comércio e Meio Ambiente, uma Agenda para a América Latina e o Caribe, pp. 61-95. , chapter 3, Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Brasília Grant, V., (1963) The Origin of Adaptations, p. 20. , New York, Columbia University Press Guimarães, R.P., La sostenibilidad Del desarrollo entre Rio-92 y Johannesburgo 2002: Eramos felices y no sabiamos (2001) Ambiente e Sociedade, 4, pp. 5-24 Gupta, A.K., (2002) Intellectual Property for Traditional Knowledge On-Line, Indigenous Knowledge Key Documents, , www.SciDev.Net Hatcher, R.L., The Pre-Brundtland Commission Era (1996) Sustainable Development, pp. 57-81. , B. Nath, L. Hens and D. Devuyst (eds.), chapter 2, Brussels, VUB University Press Hens, L., The Rio Conference and thereafter (1996) Sustainable Development, pp. 81-109. , B. Nath, L. Hens, and D. Devuyst (eds.), chapter 3, Brussels, VUB University Press Hogan, D., Population and environment in Brazil: Stockholm + 30 (2002) Population and Environment in Brazil: Rio + 10, pp. 11-28. , D.J. Hogan, E. Berquó and H.S.M. Costa (eds.), CNPD (National Commission on Populations and Development), ABEP (Brazilian Association of Population Studies). NEPO (Population Studies Center, Unicamp), chapter 1, Campinas Hoogstraal, H., Faunal explorations as a basic approach for studying infections common to man and animals (1956) East African Medical Journal, pp. 1-8. , November (1975) The Use of Ecological Guidelines for Development in the American Humid Tropic, , Morges, IUCN (1980) World Conservation Strategy: Living Resource Conservation for Sustainable Development, , International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, United Nations Environment Programme and World Wildlife Fund, Gland Joly, C.A., Os avanços, sutis mas significativos, da Rio + 10 (2002) Biologia, Jornal do Conselho Federal de Biologia, 95, p. 9 Laurance, W.F., Cochrane, M.A., Bergen, S., Fearnside, P.M., Delamônica, P., Barber, C., D'Angelo, S., Fernandes, T., The future of the Brazilian Amazon (2001) Science, 291, pp. 438-439 Laurance, W.F., Fearnside, P., Cochrane, M.A., Response to development of the Brazilian Amazon (2001) Science, 292, pp. 1651-1654 Laurance, W.F., Fearnside, P.M., Issues in Amazonian development (2002) Science, 295, pp. 1643-1644 Leis, H., Globalização e democracia após a Rio-92: A necessidade e oportunidade de um espaço público transnacional (1996) Incertezas de Sustentabilidade na Globalização, pp. 67-91. , L.C. Ferreira and E. Viola (eds.), chapter 3, Ed. da Unicamp, Campinas Lewis, N., (2002) WSSD 'Must Embrace Knowledge Diversity'. Indigenous Knowledge Key Documents, , www.SciDev.Net Lima, D.M., Equity, sustainable development, and biodiversity preservation: Some questions about ecological partnerships in the Brazilian Amazon (1999) Várzea - Diversity, Development and Conservation of Amazonia's Whitewater Floodplains, pp. 247-263. , C. Padoch, J.M. Ayres, M. Pinedo-Vasquez and A. Henderson (eds.), New York, New York Botanical Garden Manson, P., (1898) Tropical Diseases: A Manual of the Diseases of Warm Climates, , London, Cassel Meadows, D.H., Meadows, D.L., Randers, J., Behrens, W.W., (1972) The Limits of Growth, , New York, Universe Books Moutinho, P., Nepstad, D., Santilli, M., Carvalho, G., Batista, Y., (2002) As Oportunidades para a Amazônia com a Redução das Emissões de Gases do Efeito Estufa, , www.ipam.org.br Nath, B., Hens, L., Devuyst, D., (1996) Sustainable Development, , Brussels, VUB University Press Nepstad, D., McGrath, D., Alencar, A., Barros, A.C., Carvalho, G., Santilli, M., Diaz, V.M., Del, C., Frontier Governance in Amazônia (2002) Science, 295, pp. 629-631 (2002) The Ethics of Research Related to Healthcare in Developing Countries, , London, NCB Piso, G., (1658) De Indiae Utriusque re Naturali et Medica, , Amstelaed, Elsevirii Sawyer, D., Population and sustainable consumption in Brazil (2002) Population and Environment in Brazil: Rio + 10, pp. 224-254. , D.J. Hogan, E. Berquó and H.S.M. Costa (eds.), CNPD (National Commission on Populations and Development), ABEP (Brazilian Association of Population Studies), NEPO (Population Studies Center, Unicamp), chapter 10, Campinas Schiermeier, Q., (2002) Traditional Owners 'Should Be Paid'. Indigenous Knowledge Key Documents, , www.SciDev.Net Sener, B., (2002) Biomolecular Aspects of Biodiversity and Innovative Utilization, , Dordrecht, Kluwer Simpson, G.G., (1964) This View of Life, pp. 108-120. , New York, Harcourt, Brace & World Sydenstrycker-Neto, J., Population and environment in Amazônia: From just the numbers to what really counts (2002) Population and Environment in Brazil: Rio + 10, pp. 55-75. , D.J. Hogan, E. Berquó and H.S.M. Costa (eds.), CNPD (National Commission on Populations and Development), ABEP (Brazilian Association of Population Studies), NEPO (Population Studies Center, Unicamp), chapter 3, Campinas Togeiro De Almeida, L., Comércio e Meio Ambiente nas negociações multilaterais (2002) Comércio e Meio Ambiente, uma Agenda para a América Latina e o Caribe, pp. 97-133. , chapters 4 and 5, Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Brasília Viana, J.P., Damasceno, J.M.B., Castello, L., (2002) Manejo Comunitário de Recursos Pesqueiros na Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá (RDSM)- Amazonas, Brasil, Las. Jornadas Amazônicas, , CDS-UnB, June, Brasília, (in press) Viola, E., A multidimensionalidade da globalização, as novas forças sociais transnacionais e seu impacto na política ambiental no Brasil, 1989-1995 (1996) Incertezas de Sustentabilidade na Globalização, pp. 15-63. , L.C. Ferreira and E. Viola (eds.), chapter 1, Ed. da Unicamp, Campinas (1997) Health and Environment in Sustainable Development. Five Years After the Earth Summit, , Geneva, World Health Organization (1998) Indigenous Knowledge for Development, a Framework for Action. Indigenous Knowledge Key Documents, , www.SciDev.Net